Link for midwives

• Ministry of Health Mastitis & breast abscesses. Signs & symptoms & treatment https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/life-stages/breastfeeding/health-practitioners/mastitis-and-breast-abscesses

Link for client information

• Health Navigator NZ – mastitis & breast abscess https://www.healthnavigator.org.nz/health-a-z/m/mastitis/

Links for midwives

• The Protocols for Induced Lactation: A Guide for Maximizing Breastmilk Production – Milk supply will depend on a number of factors whether inducing lactation or planning relactation. http://midwiferygroup.ca/downloads/breastfeeding/induced-lactation.pdf
• Maximising breastmilk and re-lactation guidance
• https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/maximising-breastmilk-and-re-lactation-guidance/

Links for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – establishing milk production for an adopted infant can be achieved without pregnancy/birth https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/relactation-and-induced-lactation
• Association of Breastfeeding Mothers UK https://abm.me.uk/breastfeeding-information/relactation/
• Maximizing milk supply – very useful for mothers with babies in NICU but also applicable for those aiming to increase their milk supply without medication Maximizing Milk Production | Newborn Nursery | Stanford Medicine
• Breastfeeding without giving birth Breastfeeding Without Giving Birth | La Leche League International (llli.org)

Links for midwives

• LactMed – Alcohol concentrates in breast milk at levels slightly higher than in maternal blood, peaking at 30-60 minutes after consumption https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501469/
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine – Alcohol use during breastfeeding https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/bfm.2018.0053

Links for client information

• La Leche League International Drinking Alcohol and Breastfeeding | La Leche League International (llli.org)
• Feed Safe is a collaboration between the Australian Breastfeeding Association, Reach Health Promotion Innovations and Curtin University. The Feed Safe app is available in Aotearoa New Zealand feedsafe.net
• The Breastfeeding Network – alcohol use during breastfeeding Alcohol and Breastfeeding – The Breastfeeding Network

Links for midwives

• Feeding in the first year of life – The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) – Feeding in the first year of life: SACN report – GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – research about infant feeding and allergies Research on allergies – Baby Friendly Initiative (unicef.org.uk)

Links for client information

• La Leche League GB – Allergies and food intolerances Allergies & Food Intolerances – La Leche League GB
• La Leche League International – Cow’s milk protein intolerance CMPI – Cow’s Milk Protein Intolerance | La Leche League International (llli.org)

Link for midwives

• An Overview of Lactational Amenorrhea and Fertility An Overview of Lactational Amenorrhea and Fertility – FACTS (factsaboutfertility.org)

Link for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Exclusive breastfeeding can provide pregnancy protection providing certain criteria are met The Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) for postpartum contraception | Australian Breastfeeding Association

Link for midwives

• Guideline on anaesthesia and sedation in breastfeeding women 2020 https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/anae.15179
• Breastfeeding & Medication – breastfeeding & anesthesia. Breastfeeding can continue after anaesthesia and should be supported as soon as the woman is alert and able to feed. https://www.breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/breastfeeding-and-anaesthesia-2.pdf

Link for client information

• Breastfeeding Network – Anaesthetics & breastfeeding (Discarding breast milk is unnecessary) https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/anaesthetics/

Link for midwives

• The Breastfeeding Network – Paracetamol & Ibuprofen are considered the safest option – Commercially available analgesics are freely available over-the counter and on prescription – considerations for breastfeeding https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/analgesics/

Links for midwives & clients

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – structure of the breast https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/general-breastfeeding-information/structure-breast
• Khan Academy – breastfeeding anatomy & lactation https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/mcat-reproductive-system/v/breast-anatomy-and-lactation
• Ramsey et al – Anatomy of the lactating human breast redefined with ultrasound imaging – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571528/
• Geddes – The anatomy of the lactating breast: Latest research and clinical implications – https://www.infantjournal.co.uk/pdf/inf_014_lbt.pdf
• GP Infant Feeding Network – Anatomy & Physiology https://gpifn.org.uk/anatomy-and-physiology/

• See tongue tie

Links for midwives

• ACH for women with diabetes – (Also see Diabetes) https://www.op.ac.nz/assets/OPRES/43929e2094/MID-Rietveld-2011-thesis.pdf
• Advising women with diabetes to express colostrum RCT – guidelines & evidence. (“There is no harm in advising women with diabetes in pregnancy at low risk of complications to express breastmilk from 36 weeks’ gestation”) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28589894/
• Antenatal breastmilk expression for women with diabetes in pregnancy – a feasibility study https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13006-021-00393-1 

Link for client information

• Harvesting colostrum – The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust – video Harvesting colostrum – The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust
• Information sheet  – The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust docm93jijm4n6984.pdf (midyorks.nhs.uk)

Links for midwives

• Royal College of Midwives UK – Infant Feeding: Supporting parent choice pressure-points-infant-feeding.pdf (rcm.org.uk)
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – Having meaningful conversations with mothers Having meaningful conversations with mothers (unicef.org.uk)

Link for client information

• Ministry of Health Aotearoa NZ – Breastfeeding: preparing during pregnancy Breastfeeding: preparing during pregnancy | Ministry of Health NZ

Link for midwives

• Breastfeeding Network – Antibiotics & Breastfeeding. The use of antibiotics does not usually indicate suspension or cessation of breastfeeding https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/antibiotics/

Link for midwives & clients

• InfantRisk Centre – Antibodies, the Immune System, & Breastfeeding: The Basics https://www.infantrisk.com/content/antibodies-immune-system-breastfeeding-basics

Links for midwives

• New Hampshire Breastfeeding Taskforce – A breastfeeding friendly approach to depression in new mothers http://www.uppitysciencechick.com/ppd_curric_final_2009.pdf
• Bipolar disorder & treatment – Breastfeeding considerations https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/bi-polar-disorder-and-breastfeeding.pdf
• Anxiety disorder – (Management of anxiety is best achieved by non-pharmacological methods) Breastfeeding considerations https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/anxiolytics-and-breastfeeding-1.pdf
• Sertraline & breastfeeding https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/sertraline-and-breastfeeding.pdf
• St Johns Wort & breastfeeding https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/St-Johns-Wort-and-breastfeeding.pdf
• InfantRisk Centre – non-drug treatments for depression https://www.infantrisk.com/content/non-drug-treatments-depression

Link for midwives

• Breastfeeding & medication https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hypertension-and-breastfeeding.pdf

Links for midwives & clients

• BreastfedNZ – https://www.breastfednz.co.nz/
• MamaAroha – the app store: https://apple.co/37xNFfQ
• & Google play: https://bit.ly/3xB9sxJ
• Alcohol & breastfeeding – Feed Safe is a collaboration between the Australian Breastfeeding Association, Reach Health Promotion Innovations and Curtin University. The Feed Safe app is available in Aotearoa New Zealand feedsafe.net
• LatchAid – supporting your breastfeeding journey https://latchaid.com/

Link for midwives and clients

• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – breastfeeding assessment tools https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/implementing-standards-resources/breastfeeding-assessment-tools/

Links for client information

• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/implementing-standards-resources/breastfeeding-assessment-tools/mothers_breastfeeding_checklist/
• La Leche League GB – signs of effective feeding in the early days https://www.laleche.org.uk/signs-effective-feeding-early-days-2/

Link for midwives

• Breastfeeding Network – Zainab Yate https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/zainab-yate-nursing-aversion/

Link for client information

• Ten things you don’t expect about breastfeeding aversion – Zainab Yate – https://www.positivebirthmovement.org/ten-things-you-dont-expect-about-breastfeeding-aversion/

Link for midwives

• Perinatal anxiety & depression Aotearoa https://pada.nz/postnatal-depression/

Links for client information

• Perinatal anxiety & depression Aotearoa https://pada.nz/postnatal-depression/
• Plunket Well Child – https://www.plunket.org.nz/being-a-parent/looking-after-you/parent-mental-health/postnatal-depression/
• Ministry of Health – https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/pregnancy-and-kids/first-year/helpful-advice-during-first-year/postnatal-depression
• Health Navigator – PND Support https://www.healthnavigator.org.nz/support/p/postnatal-depression-pnd/

Link for midwives

• Breastfeeding: How do they do it? Infant suckling, swallowing and breathing (also see sucking) https://www.infantjournal.co.uk/pdf/inf_065_swa.pdf

Link for client information

• Suck, swallow and breathe podcast https://birthful.com/podcastsuckswallowbreathe/

Link for midwives

• Bedsharing and Breastfeeding: The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol #6, Revision 2019 https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2019.29144.psb
• Safer Sleep Guidelines – for maternity healthcare professionals – RCM UK https://www.rcm.org.uk/media/5720/safer_sleep_guidance.pdf
• Hapai – SUDI Prevention Coordination Service https://sudinationalcoordination.co.nz/

Links for client information

• Baby Sleep Info Source – a project of the Durham Infancy and Sleep Centre (DISC), in the Department of Anthropology at Durham University, UK. https://www.basisonline.org.uk/about-us/
• Lullaby Trust – Co-sleeping & when not to co-sleep https://www.lullabytrust.org.uk/safer-sleep-advice/co-sleeping/
• Ministry of Health NZ Safe sleep – https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/pregnancy-and-kids/first-year/helpful-advice-during-first-year/safe-sleep
• Safe Sleep Seven – La Leche League International https://www.llli.org/the-safe-sleep-seven/

Links for midwives

• The nine stages of skin-to-skin: practical guidelines and insights from four countries. Infant behavioural sequences after birth are supported by mother-baby skin-to-skin contact (Also see Nine Stages after Birth) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mcn.13042
• Healthy Children Project: Center for breastfeeding – New Insight into Skin-to-Skin Contact https://centerforbreastfeeding.org/new-insight-into-skin-to-skin-contact/

Links for client information

• Skin to skin contact & infant behaviour https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/implementing-standards-resources/skin-to-skin-contact/
• The Magical Hour – A baby’s 9 instinctive stages after birth https://www.magicalhour.org/aboutus.html
• Meeting your baby for the first time – Parent Club https://www.parentclub.scot/articles/meeting-your-baby-first-time

Links for midwives

• New Zealand Breastfeeding Alliance – what is the BFHI https://www.babyfriendly.org.nz/resource/what-is-the-baby-friendly-hospital-initiative/
• UNICEF https://www.unicef.org/documents/baby-friendly-hospital-initiative

Link for client information

• New Zealand Breastfeeding Alliance – Parent information https://www.babyfriendly.org.nz/parents/

Links for midwives & clients

• New Zealand Breastfeeding Alliance – responsiveness to Māori https://www.babyfriendly.org.nz/resource/responsiveness-to-maori/
• Māori perspectives on health; Māori models of health; Māori women & breastfeeding (PPP) https://www.babyfriendly.org.nz/resource/responsiveness-to-maori/
• Returning to our unsettled dust – how non-Māori systems, policies & people impact on Māori health outcomes & how this affects breastfeeding – Kelly Dorgan http://canbreastfeed.co.nz/returning-to-our-unsettled-dust/
• Creating a breastfeeding culture in Aotearoa again – Amy Wray https://www.immune.org.nz/sites/default/files/Conferences/6Creating%20a%20BF%20culture.pdf
• Predictors of breastfeeding duration in a predominantly Māori population in New Zealand https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-018-1274-9
• Kia mau, Kia Ū Supporting the breastfeeding journey of Māori women & their whānau in Taranaki – thesis – Marnie Antalya Reinfelds https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/7551/02_whole.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y

Links for midwives

• Effectiveness of biological nurturing on early breastfeeding problems: a randomized controlled trial https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13006-020-00261-4
• Optimal positions for the release of primitive neonatal reflexes stimulating breastfeeding https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18243594/
• Laid back breastfeeding – Nancy Mohrbacher http://www.nancymohrbacher.com/articles/2010/7/18/laid-back-breastfeeding.html

Links for client information

• Biological Nurturing video http://www.biologicalnurturing.com/video/bn3clip.html
• National Childbirth Trust Laid-back breastfeeding: benefits and uses https://www.nct.org.uk/baby-toddler/feeding/early-days/laid-back-breastfeeding-benefits-and-uses
• Lie Back and Relax! A Look at Laid-Back Breastfeeding https://lllusa.org/lie-back-and-relax-a-look-at-laid-back-breastfeeding/

Links for midwives

• The effect of labor medications on normal newborn behavior in the first hour after birth: A prospective cohort study https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378378219300945
• The Association Between Common Labor Drugs and Suckling When Skin-to-Skin During the First Hour After Birth https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/birt.12186
• Video explaining the associations – https://centerforbreastfeeding.org/the-association-between-common-labor-drugs-and-suckling-when-skin-to-skin-during-the-first-hour-after-birth/

Link for midwives & clients

• Happy Birth Day – Video showing birth strategies https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8dTjNSbv9M

Links for midwives & clients

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Blocked nipple pore White spot on the nipple | Australian Breastfeeding Association (Also see nipple bleb)
• How do you treat a milk blister? https://kellymom.com/bf/concerns/mother/nipplebleb/

Links for midwives

• Engorgement, Blocked Ducts & Mastitis – How do I manually clear a blockage? What does the research say? https://www.carolsmyth.co.uk/breastfeeding-resources/posts/2020/april/mastitis-blocked-ducts-how-do-i-clear-a-blockage/
• Protocol #6: Plugged ducts https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/8eaf-tph-breastfeeding-protocol-6-plugged-ducts-2013.pdf
• ABM Clinical Protocol #4 Mastitis https://www.bfmed.org/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/4-mastitis-protocol-english.pdf

Links for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/common-concerns%E2%80%93mum/blocked-ducts
• National Childbirth Trust – Blocked milk ducts https://www.nct.org.uk/baby-toddler/feeding/common-concerns/blocked-milk-ducts

Links for midwives

• Mothers’ experiences of bottle-feeding: a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3697301/ (also see formula feeding)
• UNICEF UK Breastfeeding Friendly Initiative. Guide to bottle-feeding https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/bottle-feeding-resources/guide-to-bottle-feeding/
• Ministry of Health NZ https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/food-and-nutrition-guidelines-healthy-infants-and-toddlers-revised-dec12.pdf
• Ministry of Health – Eating for Healthy Babies and Toddlers/ Resource https://www.healthed.govt.nz/resource/eating-healthy-babies-and-toddlersng%C4%81-kai-t%C5%8Dtika-m%C5%8D-te-hunga-k%C5%8Dhungahunga

Links for client information

• Ministry of Health NZ https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/pregnancy-and-kids/first-year/helpful-advice-during-first-year/formula-feeding
• Ministry of Health NZ – resource https://www.healthed.govt.nz/resource/feeding-your-baby-infant-formula
• Responsive bottle feeding by Emma Pickett https://www.essentialparent.com/lesson/responsive-bottle-feeding-by-emma-pickett-16758/
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – Infant formula & responsive bottle-feeding – Responsive feeding is recommended whether breast or bottle-feeding https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/bottle-feeding-resources/infant-formula-responsive-bottle-feeding-guide-for-parents/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Mixed feeding, breastfeeding & bottle-feeding https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/mixed-feeding
• Combination feeding – Lucy Ruddle – video https://www.womens-health.org.nz/combination-feeding/

Links for midwives

• ABM Clinical Protocol #34: Breast Cancer and Breastfeeding https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/bfm.2020.29157.hmj
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly – impact of breastfeeding on breast cancer risk https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/news-and-research/baby-friendly-research/maternal-health-research/maternal-health-research-breast-cancer/
• InfantRisk Centre Breastfeeding & breast cancer https://www.infantrisk.com/content/breastfeeding-and-breast-cancer
• Links for client information
• American Cancer Society: Pregnancy & breastfeeding after breast cancer https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/living-as-a-breast-cancer-survivor/pregnancy-after-breast-cancer.html
• National Childbirth Trust: Breastfeeding after breast cancer treatment https://www.nct.org.uk/baby-toddler/feeding/practical-tips/breastfeeding-after-breast-cancer-treatment

Links for midwives & clients

• Human milk – tailor-made for human babies https://www.human-milk.com/
• Parenting Science Gang – Breastmilk composition & child health http://parentingsciencegang.org.uk/web-chats/breastmilk-composition-and-child-health-qa-with-dr-meghan-azad/

Links for midwives & clients

• Nutrition – The First Superfood https://ww w.ogmagazine.org.au/14/3-14/the-first-superfood/
• La Leche League GB – Breastmilk & a mother’s diet: Myths & Facts https://www.laleche.org.uk/breastfeeding-and-a-mothers-diet-myths-and-facts/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Diet and weight loss while breastfeeding – https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/common-concerns%E2%80%93mum/diet

Link for midwives

• Principles for maintaining or increasing breastmilk production https://www.jognn.org/article/S0884-2175(15)31026-1/fulltext

Links for midwives & clients

• Health Info Breast pumps & storing breastmilk – Different types – why, when and how https://www.healthinfo.org.nz/patientinfo/82319.pdf
• When Is Pumping Too Much, Not Enough, or Just Right? Nancy Mohrbacher http://www.nancymohrbacher.com/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Suggestions on using an electric breast pump https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/breastfeeding-and-work/suggestions-using-electric-breast-pump
• Maximizing milk production – Stanford University
• La Leche League International – Pumping milk https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/pumping-milk/

Link for midwives

• UK mothers’ experiences of bottle refusal by their breastfed baby https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mcn.13047

Links for midwives & clients

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Breast refusal (Breastfeeding ‘strikes’) https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/breast-refusal
• Nancy Mohrbacher- Is your formally nursing baby refusing to breastfeed? http://www.nancymohrbacher.com/articles/2013/1/26/is-your-formerly-nursing-baby-refusing-to-breastfeed.html

Links for midwives

• InfantRisk Centre – Breastfeeding after Breast Augmentation – (Also see surgery) https://www.infantrisk.com/content/breastfeeding-after-breast-augmentation
• Australian Breastfeeding Network: Breastfeeding after breast surgery https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/breastfeeding-after-breast-surgery
• Breastfeeding Network Silicone breast implants & breastfeeding https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/silicone-breast-implants/
• Associations between breast implants & postpartum lactational mastitis in breastfeeding women: retrospective study – (Breast augmentation associated with increased risk of postpartum lactational mastitis in the six-month postpartum period) https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1471-0528.16902

Links for client information

• Facebook page – breastfeeding after reduction (BFAR) https://www.facebook.com/groups/458224110894529/
• Milk production overview – https://www.lowmilksupply.org/making-milk-101
• La Leche League International – At-breast supplementer nursing (following breast reduction surgery)  (Also see supplementary nursing)  https://www.llli.org/at-breast-supplementer-nursing/

Links for midwives & clients

• The Breastfeeding Network – breastfeeding through pregnancy & beyond https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/guest-post-breastfeeding-through-pregnancy-and-beyond/
• La Leche League International – Breastfeeding during pregnancy & tandem nursing https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/breastfeeding-pregnancy-tandem-nursing/
• La Leche League – Pregnant & breastfeeding https://www.laleche.org.uk/pregnant-and-breastfeeding/

Link for midwives & clients

• National Breastfeeding Strategy for New Zealand Aotearoa | Rautaki Whakamana Whāngote – https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/life-stages/breastfeeding/national-breastfeeding-strategy-new-zealand-aotearoa-rautaki-whakamana-whangote
• Canterbury Breastfeeding Advocacy Service http://canbreastfeed.co.nz/national-breastfeeding-strategy-for-new-zealand-aotearoa-rautaki-whakamana-whangote/

Links for midwives

• The impact of caesarean section on breastfeeding initiation, duration and difficulties in the first four months postpartum – https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-016-0876-1
• Delayed onset of lactogenesis – additional support with breastfeeding in the early days post-partum is indicated – https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/delayed-onset-of-lactogenesis-and-reduced-breastfeeding-frequency-in-mothers-who-give-birth-by-caesarean-section/45FDC6867DD0B31B0EAC436DBE028AD0
• Immediate or early skin-to-skin contact after a Caesarean section: a review of the literature https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24720501/
• Caesarean section & breastfeeding – Breastfeeding Network https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/wp-content/dibm/2019-09/Caesarean%20section%20and%20Breastfeeding.pdf

Links for client information

• La Leche League International – Breastfeeding after caesarean birth – https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/breastfeeding-cesarean-birth/
• Breastfeeding Network UK – breastfeeding after a caesarean birth https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/breastfeeding-after-a-caesarean-birth/

Link for midwives

• Dr Thomas Hale – InfantRisk Centre – Reduction in caffeine consumption may lead to resolution of restless symptoms in the baby https://www.infantrisk.com/content/breastfeeding-caffeine-energy-drinks

Link for client information

• Wendy Jones – Breastfeeding & Medication https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/thoughts/caffeine-and-breastfeeding

Link for midwives

• GP Infant Feeding Network UK – Feeding of babies who are cleft affected – cleft lip and/or palate can make breastfeeding challenging https://gpifn.org.uk/cleft/

Link for client information

• Cleft Lip & Palate Association (CLAPA) https://www.clapa.com/treatment/feeding/breastfeeding/

Links for midwives & clients

• A commentary on the carbon footprint of milk formula: harms to planetary health and policy implications https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13006-019-0243-8

• Breastfeeding can help tackle climate crisis but it’s on governments, not mums to save the world https://theconversation.com/breastfeeding-can-help-tackle-climate-crisis-but-its-on-governments-not-mums-to-save-the-world-124676

• BMJ- Support for breastfeeding is an environmental imperative https://waba.org.my/support-for-breastfeeding-is-an-environmental-imperative/

• First Steps Nutrition Trust – Healthy & sustainable diets in the early years https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59f75004f09ca48694070f3b/t/606d9bdaad93ab0e6bbe1813/1617796060179/Healthy_sustainable_diets_report.pdf

• Studies exploring the impact of breastfeeding on sustainability &climate change – UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/news-and-research/baby-friendly-research/research-supporting-breastfeeding/research-on-breastfeeding-and-climate-change/

Links for midwives

• The Breastfeeding Network – Dr Wendy Jones – Codeine should not be routinely prescribed for breastfeeding mothers https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/codeine-2016.pdf
• Medsafe – Codeine & breastfeeding https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/puarticles/codeineandbreastfeeding.htm
• Breastfeeding & medication – Breastfeeding & Opiate pain relief https://www.breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Opiates-and-the-breastfeeding-mother.pdf

Link for midwives

• Human milk composition http://ssu.ac.ir/cms/fileadmin/user_upload/Mtahghighat/tfood/ARTICLES/milk/Human_Milk_Composition.pdf

Link for client information

• La Leche League International – Colostrum https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/colostrum-general/

• See mixed feeding

Links for client information

• La Leche League GB Comfortable breastfeeding – quick read – La Leche League GB
• It hurts! Moving towards comfortable breastfeeding – https://www.carolsmyth.co.uk/breastfeeding-resources/posts/2015/april/it-hurts-moving-towards-comfortable-breastfeeding/

Links for midwives

• WHO – Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child – (Introduction of other foods is recommended at 6 months. Parents may wish to discuss this during midwifery care) https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guiding_principles_compfeeding_breastfed.pdf
• Feeding in the first year of life: SACN report https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/feeding-in-the-first-year-of-life-sacn-report
• Health Impacts of Early Complementary Food Introduction Between Formula-fed and Breastfed Infants https://naspghan.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/March-2020-Article-E-JPGN-19-554Health_Impacts_of_Early_Complementary_Food-1.pdf

Link for client information

• Ministry of Health – feeding your baby https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/pregnancy-and-kids/first-year/6-12-months/feeding-your-baby
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly – Introducing solid foods https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2008/02/Start4Life-Introducing-Solid-Foods-2015.pdf
• First Steps Nutrition Trust – Eating well: the first year. A guide to introducing solids and eating well up to baby’s first birthday https://www.firststepsnutrition.org/eating-well-infants-new-mums

Links for midwives

• Human Milk Composition: Nutrients and Bioactive Factors https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586783/
• Breastfeeding and human lactation – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520880/
• Breastmilk Composition is Dynamic: Infant Feeds, Mother Responds https://milkgenomics.org/article/breastmilk-composition-dynamic-infant-feeds-mother-responds/
• A systematic review and meta-analysis of the nutrient content of preterm and term breast milk https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2431-14-216

Link for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Breastmilk composition https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/breastmilk-composition

Links for midwives

• Human Milk and Infants With Congenital Heart Disease: A Summary of Current Literature Supporting the Provision of Human Milk and Breastfeeding https://read.qxmd.com/read/30694819/human-milk-and-infants-with-congenital-heart-disease-a-summary-of-current-literature-supporting-the-provision-of-human-milk-and-breastfeeding
• An innovative model for achieving breast-feeding success in infants with complex surgical anomalies https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20697242/

Links for client information

• Experiences of breastfeeding a baby with CHD https://heartmummy.co.uk/2016/03/29/hospitalbreastfeeding/
• Breastfeeding the brave – video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuXc1t79fEQ
• Feeding a baby with a heart condition https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/Article?contentid=1684&language=English

Link for midwives

• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine ABM Clinical Protocol #13: Contraception During Breastfeeding, Revised 2015 (memberclicks.net)

Link for client information

• La Leche League International – Birth control Birth Control | La Leche League International (llli.org)

Links for midwives

• Controversies in Breastfeeding – the differences between contraindication & obstacle (There are few true contraindications) https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2018.00278/full#B7
• Acceptable medical reasons for use of breast-milk substitutes https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148964/

Links for midwives

• NZ College of Midwives – FAQ Breastfeeding & COVID-19 https://www.midwife.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/FAQ-Infant-Feeding-midwives-COVID-19_SEPT_2021.pdf
• SARS-CoV-2–Specific Antibodies in Breast Milk After COVID-19 Vaccination of Breastfeeding Women https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2778766
• Australian College of Midwives / RANZCOG joint statement – https://www.midwives.org.au/news/acm-and-ranzcog-joint-statement-re-kolikonda-review
• Should Infants Be Separated from Mothers with COVID-19? First, Do No Harm (Early skin to skin contact, delayed cord clamping, rooming in with well, healthy term babies and breastfeeding are still recommended for new mothers with COVID-19 infection) https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2020.29153.ams?utm_source=Adestra&utm_medium=email&utm_term=&utm_content=read1&utm_campaign=BFM+FP+April+26+2021
• A public health approach for deciding policy on infant feeding and mother–infant contact in the context of COVID-19 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X20305386
• Mistakes from the HIV pandemic should inform the COVID-19 response for maternal and newborn care https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13006-020-00306-8
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative- infant feeding during the coronavirus crisis https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/local-authorities-guide/
• COVID-19 vaccination & breastfeeding – information in other languages https://www.health.gov.au/resources/translated/covid-19-vaccination-social-breastfeeding-women-can-receive-the-covid-19-vaccine-other-languages

Links for client information

• NZ College of Midwives – FAQ https://www.midwife.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Parents_COVID_FAQs-for-Feeding_SEPT_2021.pdf
• Ministry of Health breastfeeding advice for women with a confirmed or probable case of COVID-19 https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-information-specific-audiences/covid-19-information-parents/breastfeeding-advice-women-who-have-confirmed-or-probable-case-covid-19
• Ministry of Health information for pregnant women, and those who have recently given birth https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-information-specific-audiences/covid-19-information-pregnant-women-and-those-who-have-recently-given-birth
• Australian Breastfeeding Association https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/covid-19

Link for midwives

• The unsettled baby: crying out for an integrated, multidisciplinary primary care approach – https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2010/193/9/unsettled-baby-crying-out-integrated-multidisciplinary-primary-care-approach

Links for client information

• La Leche League GB – The unhappy breastfed baby https://www.laleche.org.uk/unhappy-baby/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association- Cluster feeding & fussing babies https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/common-concerns%E2%80%93baby/fussy
• National Childbirth Trust – The reality of feeding – 10 things you need to know https://www.nct.org.uk/baby-toddler/feeding/early-days/reality-feeding-10-things-you-need-know

Link for midwives

• Infant feeding cues: a guide for healthcare professionals (Also see Responsive feeding & Stages of infant arousal – infant cues) https://sph.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/112/2019/08/CGBI-8-Infant-Feeding-Cues-2019.pdf

Link for client information

• Feeding cues – Australian Breastfeeding Association https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/feeding-cues

Links for midwives

• Evaluation of the Freeze–Thawing Method in Reducing Viral Load of Cytomegalovirus in Breast Milk of Mothers of Preterm Infants – (freeze–thawing method is an effective method in reducing the CMV load in breast milk samples) https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/bfm.2016.0107
• Cytomegalovirus transmission from breast milk in premature babies: does it matter? https://fn.bmj.com/content/87/2/F75
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and donor milk https://www.eatsonfeetsresources.org/cytomegalovirus-cmv/

Links for midwives

• New Zealand Breastfeeding Alliance – BFHI Breastfeeding data https://www.babyfriendly.org.nz/breastfeeding-data/
• Infant Feeding in New Zealand: Adherence to food and nutrition guidelines among the Growing Up in New Zealand cohort https://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/research/infant-feeding/infant-feeding-in-new-zealand.pdf
• Breastfeeding indicators among a nationally representative multi-ethnic sample of NZ children – https://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal-articles/breastfeeding-indicators-among-a-nationally-representative-multi-ethnic-sample-of-new-zealand-children

Link for midwives

NZ College of Midwives – MOH – infant feeding definitions https://www.midwife.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Breastfeeding.pdf

Links for midwives

• Delayed onset of lactogenesis and reduced breastfeeding frequency in mothers who give birth by caesarean section https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/delayed-onset-of-lactogenesis-and-reduced-breastfeeding-frequency-in-mothers-who-give-birth-by-caesarean-section/45FDC6867DD0B31B0EAC436DBE028AD0
• Impact of Breast Pumping on Lactogenesis Stage II After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Clinical Trial https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/107/6/e94.full.pdf
• Delayed Lactogenesis II and potential utility of antenatal milk expression in women developing late-onset preeclampsia: a case series https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-018-1693-5

Links for client information

• Milk and Love – What happens if there is a delay in your milk coming in after birth? https://www.milkandlove.com.au/blog/when-your-breast-milk-is-delayed-after-birth/
• Late onset decreased milk supply or flow – https://ibconline.ca/information-sheets/late-onset-decreased-milk-supply-or-flow/
• Milk production & your high-risk baby – https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=delayed-or-not-enough-milk-production-90-P02390
• When will my milk come in? https://kellymom.com/ages/newborn/when-will-my-milk-come-in/

Links for midwives

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Breastfeeding and Diabetes, Type 1 and 2 (Also see antenatal colostrum harvesting) https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/breastfeeding-and-diabetes-type-1-and-2
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Breastfeeding and Gestational Diabetes https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/breastfeeding-and-gestational-diabetes
• Treating diabetes during breastfeeding https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/bfm.2018.0036
• Diabetes & antenatal milk expressing – the DAME trial https://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/973486/DAME-brochure-for-participants-Final.pdf

Links for client information

• La Leche League GB – Diabetes & breastfeeding https://www.laleche.org.uk/diabetes-and-breastfeeding/
• Health Check: Is it safe to express milk before giving birth? The Conversation – https://theconversation.com/health-check-is-it-safe-to-express-milk-before-giving-birth-78399
• Breastfeeding with diabetes – yes you can! http://www.lunalactation.com/06augcolor_diabetes.pdf

Links for midwives & clients

• La Leche League GB – Breastfeeding and a Mother’s Diet: Myths and Facts https://www.laleche.org.uk/breastfeeding-and-a-mothers-diet-myths-and-facts/
• 5 breastfeeding diet myths https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/5-breastfeeding-diet-myths
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Diet & weight loss during breastfeeding https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/common-concerns%E2%80%93mum/diet

Links for midwives

• Facilitators and Barriers to Breastfeeding among Mothers with Physical Disabilities in the United States – https://heller.brandeis.edu/parents-with-disabilities/info-resources-research-briefs/parenting-tips-strategies/breastfeeding-physical-disabilities.html
• Successful breastfeeding – a paraplegic mother’s experience – https://www.disabledparent.org.uk/personal-experience/successful-breastfeeding-a-paraplegic-mother%E2%80%99s-experience
• Disability, pregnancy & parenthood – help for professionals https://www.disabledparent.org.uk/help-for-professionals
• Women with disability: the experience of maternity care during pregnancy, labour, birth & the postnatal period https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848505/
• Breastfeeding with hemiplegia – https://www.ourmilkyway.org/breastfeeding-with-hemiplegia-by-scarlett-murray/

Links for client information

• Disability, pregnancy & parenthood https://www.disabledparent.org.uk/
• Breastfeeding Network – Breastfeeding with a disability https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/breastfeeding-with-a-disability/

Links for midwives

• NZ College of Midwives – Consensus statement https://www.midwife.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Donor-Human-Milk-and-Milk-Sharing.pdf
• Human milk banking association of North America (HMBANA) https://www.hmbana.org/
• Maintaining safety and service provision in human milk banking: a call to action in response to the COVID-19 pandemic https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanchi/article/PIIS2352-4642(20)30134-6/fulltext
• Recommendations for the Establishment and Operation of Human Milk Banks in Europe: A Consensus Statement from the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2019.00053/full
• Personalization of the Microbiota of Donor Human Milk with Mother’s Own Milk https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01470/full

Links for client information

• Starship Hospital – breastfeeding – breast milk sharing in newborn services https://starship.org.nz/guidelines/breastfeeding-breast-milk-sharing-in-newborn-services/
• Ministry of Health NZ – donated breast milk https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/pregnancy-and-kids/first-year/helpful-advice-during-first-year/breastfeeding-perfect-you-and-your-baby/donated-breast-milk
• Rotary Community Breast Milk Bank https://canterburywestcoast.midwife.org.nz/community/rotary-community-breast-milk-bank/
• Human milk for our babies – Instructions and frequently asked questions for human milk donors https://canterburywestcoast.midwife.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/11/6638-Human-Milk-For-Our-Babies.pdf
• La Leche League International – milk donation & sharing https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/milk-donation/
• Eats on Feets – how can breastmilk be pasteurized at home? https://www.eatsonfeetsresources.org/how-can-breastmilk-be-pasteurized-at-home/
• Eats on Feets – the 4 pillars of safe milksharing – pdf article http://www.eatsonfeets.org/docs/TheFourPillars.pdf
• Whāngai Ora Milk Bank https://www.whangaiora.org.nz/    & – https://www.facebook.com/whangaiora/

Links for midwives and clients

• Canadian Down Syndrome Society https://cdss.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/CDSS-Breastfeeding-a-Baby-With-Down-Syndrome-ENGLISH.pdf (Hypotonia & breastfeeding support)
• Breastfeeding Josee… ten tips for breastfeeding a baby with Down Syndrome https://themilkmeg.com/breastfeeding-josee-ten-tips-for-breastfeeding-a-baby-with-down-syndrome/

Links for midwives

• Substance use in the breastfeeding woman – https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/substance-use-breastfeeding-woman
• LactMed – Methamphetamine https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/
• Social drugs & breastfeeding https://www.health-e-learning.com/resources/articles/social-drugs-and-breastfeeding
• Breastfeeding & medication – Breastfeeding & cocaine use https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/cocaine-and-breastfeeding-2.pdf

Link for client information

• Royal Women’s Hospital Victoria – Safe breastfeeding for drug users https://www.thewomens.org.au/health-information/breastfeeding/medicines-drugs-and-breastfeeding/safe-breastfeeding-for-drug-users

Links for midwives

• The Mystery of D-MER: What Can Hormonal Research Tell Us About Dysphoric Milk-Ejection Reflex? https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrcl/9/1/23
• Helping mothers understand D-MER downloadable information https://milkworks.org/file_download/inline/f4d97d3d-4245-4b0c-a160-482e44fd2978

Links for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/dysphoric-milk-ejection-reflex-d-mer
• La Leche League International – What is D-MER? https://www.llli.org/what-is-d-mer/

Links for midwives

• Potential economic impacts from improving breastfeeding rates in the UK https://adc.bmj.com/content/100/4/334
• The economic value of breastfeeding in Australia https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230673417_The_economic_value_of_breastfeeding_in_Australia
• Breast milk’s billion-dollar GDP gap https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/news/2018/09/breast-milks-billion-dollar-gdp-gap
• The National Breastfeeding Strategy is a start, but if we really valued breast milk we’d put it in the GDP – https://theconversation.com/the-national-breastfeeding-strategy-is-a-start-but-if-we-really-valued-breast-milk-wed-put-it-in-the-gdp-121302
• Counting the cost of not breastfeeding is now easier, but women’s unpaid health care work remains invisible https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/34/6/479/5531187
• The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: a pediatric cost analysis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20368314/

Link for midwives

UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – getting breastfeeding off to a good start https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/Unicef-UK-Baby-Friendly-Initiative-education-refresher-sheet-2.pdf

See Infant & Young Child Feeding in Emergencies- IYCF-E

Links for midwives

• Cochrane Review – Treatment for breast engorgement (overfull, hard, painful breasts) in breastfeeding women (Some evidence suggests that some treatments may be useful such as cabbage leaves, cold gel packs, herbal compresses and massage) https://www.cochrane.org/CD006946/PREG_treatment-breast-engorgement-overfull-hard-painful-breasts-breastfeeding-women
• Ministry of Health Breast engorgement and breast oedema https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/life-stages/breastfeeding/health-practitioners/breast-engorgement-and-breast-oedema
• Engorgement help – reverse pressure softening https://kellymom.com/bf/concerns/mother/rev_pressure_soft_cotterman/

Links for client information

• La Leche League GB – Engorged breasts – avoiding & treating https://www.laleche.org.uk/engorged-breasts-avoiding-and-treating/
• Health Info – breast fullness & breast engorgement – https://www.healthinfo.org.nz/patientinfo/45600.pdf
• KellyMom – Engorgement https://kellymom.com/bf/concerns/mother/engorgement/

Links for midwives

• Association of Breastfeeding Medicine – Antiepileptic Drugs During Breastfeeding https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2019.0238
• Further Evidence Breastfeeding by Women With Epilepsy Is Safe: Are Mothers Getting the Message? https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1535759720917997

Link for client information

• Breastfeeding & anti-epileptic medication – https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/epilepsy-and-breastfeeding.pdf

Links for client information

• La Leche League International – Exercise & breastfeeding https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/exercise/
• La Leche League International – weight loss https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/weight-loss-mothers/
• Breastfeeding USA – Exercise during the breastfeeding years https://breastfeedingusa.org/content/article/exercise-during-breastfeeding-years
• Ministry of Health NZ – Looking after yourself https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/pregnancy-and-kids/first-year/helpful-advice-during-first-year/looking-after-yourself
• Australian Breastfeeding Association Exercise & breastfeeding https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/exercise-and-breastfeeding

Link for midwives

• Prevalence and outcomes of breast milk expressing in women with healthy term infants: a systematic review https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2393-13-212

Links for client information

• Breast pumps and storing breast milk – Healthinfo https://www.healthinfo.org.nz/patientinfo/82319.pdf
• Expressing breast milk – Royal Women’s Victoria Australia – https://www.thewomens.org.au/images/uploads/fact-sheets/Expressing-breast-milk-05819.pdf
• Expressing & storing breastmilk – Australian Breastfeeding Association https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/breastfeeding-and-work/expressing-and-storing-breastmilk
• Expressing your milk – La Leche League GB https://www.laleche.org.uk/expressing-your-milk/
• Expressing & storing breastmilk – Breastfeeding Network https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/breastfeeding-help/expressing-storing/

Links for client information

• Problems with breastfeeding – https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/pregnancy-and-kids/first-year/helpful-advice-during-first-year/breastfeeding-perfect-you-and-your-baby/problems-breastfeeding
• Breastfeeding problems – GP Infant Feeding Network https://gpifn.org.uk/breastfeeding-problems/
• La Leche League GB – Getting breastfeeding on track after a difficult start https://www.laleche.org.uk/getting-breastfeeding-on-track-after-a-difficult-start-the-3-keeps/
• La Leche League GB – Five ways to help when breastfeeding doesn’t go as expected https://www.laleche.org.uk/five-ways-help-breastfeeding-doesnt-go-expected/

When a non-latching breastfed baby receives a milk supplement via a fine feeding tube while sucking an adult finger.

Links for midwives

• Dr Jack Newman – Finger & cup feeding https://ibconline.ca/information-sheets/finger-and-cup-feeding/
• Comparison of the Finger Feeding Method Versus Syringe Feeding Method in Supporting Sucking Skills of Preterm Babies https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2020.0043

Link for client information

• Breastfeeding Committee Saskatchewan – finger feeding your baby with a feeding tube http://www.thebcs.ca/documents/factsheets/2017/FINAL_finger_feeding.pdf

Follow-up (follow-on) formula is marketed in a way that may cause confusion and have a negative impact on breastfeeding.

Links for midwives

• WHO – The use of follow-up formula – unnecessary & also unsuitable when used as a breast-milk replacement from six months of age onwards. https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/WHO_brief_fufandcode_post_17July.pdf
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – guide to infant formula https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/12/Health-professionals-guide-to-infant-formula.pdf
• Consumer NZ – Toddler milk – does your child really need it? https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/toddler-milk

There are not two kinds of milk. Despite this common belief, there is no magic moment when foremilk becomes hindmilk.

Links for midwives & clients

• Nancy Mohrbacher – Worries About Foremilk and Hindmilk http://www.nancymohrbacher.com/articles/2010/6/27/worries-about-foremilk-and-hindmilk.html
• KellyMom – Foremilk and hindmilk – what does this mean? https://kellymom.com/bf/got-milk/basics/foremilk-hindmilk/

Choosing a product, mixed feeding, safe preparation & responsive feeding.

Links for midwives

• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – guide to bottle-feeding leaflet https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/bottle-feeding-resources/guide-to-bottle-feeding/
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative- Bottle-feeding assessment tool – to recognise if bottle-feeding is going well https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/bottle-feeding-resources/bottle-feeding-assessment-tool/
• First Steps Nutrition Trust – Formula – composition, claims & costs (UK based information but product composition is the same for Aotearoa) https://www.firststepsnutrition.org/composition-claims-and-costs

Links for client information

• Ministry of Health – Feeding your baby infant formula – downloadable booklet https://www.healthed.govt.nz/resource/feeding-your-baby-infant-formula
• KidsHealth – Formula feeding https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/tags/formula-feeding
• Ministry of Health – Incorrect markings on baby bottles https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/pregnancy-and-kids/first-year/helpful-advice-during-first-year/formula-feeding/incorrect-markings-baby-bottles
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – bottle-feeding guide & how to choose an infant formula https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/bottle-feeding-resources/infant-formula-responsive-bottle-feeding-guide-for-parents/

Links for midwives

• How breastfeeding works – http://www.breastfeedingsupport.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/10_how_breastfeeding_works.pdf
• Volume and frequency of breastfeeds and fat content of breastmilk throughout the day (Infants breastfed 11 +/- 3 times in 24 hours (range: 6-18) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7266502_Volume_and_frequency_of_breastfeeds_and_fat_content_of_breastmilk_throughout_the_day
• Emma Pickett – Breastfeeding: the dangerous obsession with the infant feeding interval https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/breastfeeding-the-dangerous-obsession-with-the-infant-feeding-interval/

Links for client information

• Amy Brown – Frequent feeding video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Brhq-Z11zos
• La Leche League International – Frequency of feeding https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/frequency-feeding-frequently-asked-questions-faqs/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – How many breastfeeds? https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/common-concerns%E2%80%93baby/how-many-breastfeeds
• Amy Brown – The importance of responsive feeding in establishing a good breastmilk supply https://kellymom.com/ages/newborn/bf-basics/importance-responsive-feeding/

Links for midwives

• Use and experiences of galactagogues while breastfeeding among Australian women https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0254049
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine – ABM Clinical Protocol #9: Use of Galactogogues in Initiating or Augmenting the Rate of Maternal Milk Secretion https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2011.9998

Link for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Galactagogues (substances claimed to increase supply) https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/galactagogues-substances-claimed-increase-supply

Links for midwives

• BPAC – Irritable infants, reflux & GORD (Uncomplicated GR is common & generally resolves over time without medication) https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2011/november/infant-reflux.aspx
• Midwife Journal – Gastro-esophageal reflux in breastfed babies: What’s missing? https://www.midwife.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Jnl-48-art-2-Gastro-esophageal-Reflux-with-DOI.pdf

Link for client information

• KidsHealth – Reflux https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/reflux

Links for midwives

• Amy Brown – How can we change the conversation to help women who have not been able to meet their breastfeeding goals – Breastfeeding loss – when breastfeeding doesn’t work out https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/01/Amy-Brown-How-can-we-change-the-conversation-to-help-women-who-have-not-been-able-to-meet-their-breastfeeding-goals.pdf
• Amy Brown – The importance of supporting women who haven’t been able to meet their breastfeeding goals https://abm.me.uk/breastfeeding-information/breastfeeding-goals/
• Breast milk donation after neonatal death in Australia: a report https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13006-014-0023-4
• Lactation after perinatal, neonatal, or infant loss http://www.lunalactation.com/final_clinical_lactation.pdf

Links for client information

• La Leche League GB – Five ways to help when breastfeeding doesn’t go as expected https://www.laleche.org.uk/five-ways-help-breastfeeding-doesnt-go-expected/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Lactation suppression (See also Suppression of lactation) https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/lactation-suppression
• Lactation after loss – a guide for bereaved mothers https://motherwear.typepad.com/files/final-us-lactation-after-loss-brochure.pdf

Links for midwives

• How UK internet websites portray breast milk expression and breast pumps: a qualitative study of content – https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-015-0509-0
• Cochrane Review- Methods of milk expression for lactating women – https://www.cochrane.org/CD006170/PREG_methods-milk-expression-lactating-women
• Hand expression video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpNYyBSFhJw

Links for client information

• La Leche League GB – Hand expression of breastmilk https://www.laleche.org.uk/hand-expression-of-breastmilk/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association video – hand expressing https://vimeo.com/423863333

UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative video – how to hand express & when it might be useful  https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/breastfeeding-resources/hand-expression-video/

Link for midwives

• CDC – Hepatitis B or C infections https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/maternal-or-infant-illnesses/hepatitis.html

Links for client information

• Hepatitis Foundation NZ – Hepatitis B & Pregnancy https://www.hepatitisfoundation.org.nz/hepatitis-b-and-pregnancy
• Hepatitis NSW – Hepatitis C factsheet https://www.hep.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Factsheet-Hep-C-pregnancy-children.pdf

Links for midwives

• CDC Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/maternal-or-infant-illnesses/herpes.html
• LactMed – Breastfeeding & Acyclovir [Aciclovir) medication https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501195/
• Medsafe Data Sheet – Zoviraz https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/Datasheet/z/Zoviraxcoldsore.pdf

Links for midwives

• Ministry of Health NZ https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-treatments/diseases-and-illnesses/hiv-aids/pregnancy-and-breastfeeding-hiv (NB. Current MOH breastfeeding advice in Aotearoa NZ does not reflect updated international guidance – links to other information supplied for interest)
• Breastfeeding with HIV: An evidence-based case for new policy – https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1073110519840495
• Should Providers Discuss Breastfeeding With Women Living With HIV in High-Income Countries? An Ethical Analysis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27572099/
• World Health Organisation – Guideline: Updates on HIV and infant feeding https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549707
• In the United States, we say, ‘No breastfeeding,’ but that is no longer realistic”: provider perspectives towards infant feeding among women living with HIV in the United States – https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jia2.25224

Link for client information

• Positive Women (support site but not breastfeeding related) https://positivewomen.org.nz/

Links for midwife & client information

• New Hampshire Breastfeeding Taskforce – Providing breastmilk for your hospitalised infant http://www.nhbreastfeedingtaskforce.org/pdf/providing_breastmilk_for_your_hospitalized_infant.pdf
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Breastfeeding & hospitalization https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/breastfeeding-and-hospitalisation
• ABM Clinical Protocol #35: Supporting Breastfeeding during Maternal or Child Hospitalization https://www.bfmed.org/assets/ABM%20Clinical%20Protocol%2035.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1yuj5KmcO6zX6SnTriWpbsg9cYbG2bmC4ltk5eMJoouCoxIrMO7—OjU
• La Leche League GB – when a mother is ill https://www.laleche.org.uk/when-a-mother-is-ill/

Links for midwives

• BMJ – Overdiagnosis and industry influence: how cow’s milk protein allergy is extending the reach of infant formula manufacturers https://allergynorthwest.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Allergy-CMPA-Overdiagnosis-Industry-BMJ-2018.pdf
• BMJ investigates the role of infant formula industry in influencing diagnosis of cow’s milk protein allergy https://www.bsms.ac.uk/about/news/2018/12-07-bmj-investigation-into-role-of-infant-formula-industry-in-influencing-diagnosis-of-cows’-milk-protein-allergy.aspx
• First Steps Nutrition Trust – Specialised infant milks information for health professionals https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59f75004f09ca48694070f3b/t/5d9b367b7b7e4149182d1bba/1570453122638/Specialised_milk_Sep19_finalb.pdf

Links for midwives

• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine – ABM Clinical Protocol #1: Guidelines for Glucose Monitoring and Treatment of Hypoglycemia in Term and Late Preterm Neonates, Revised 2021 https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/bfm.2021.29178.new
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – Guidance on the development of policies and guidelines for the prevention and management of hypoglycaemia of the newborn https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2010/10/hypo_policy.pdf
• Clinical Aspects of Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Mini Review https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2020.562251/full
• Effects of Dextrose Gel in Newborns at Risk for Neonatal Hypoglycemia in a Baby-Friendly Hospital – https://www.jognn.org/article/S0884-2175(19)30478-2/fulltext

Link for client information

• La Leche League GB – Diabetes & breastfeeding https://www.laleche.org.uk/diabetes-and-breastfeeding/

Links for midwives

• Is There an Association Between Breast Hypoplasia and Breastfeeding Outcomes? A Systematic Review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33891493/
• GP Infant Feeding Network UK – Low milk supply https://gpifn.org.uk/low-milk-supply/

Links for client information

• La Leche League International – Breastfeeding with hypoplasia https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-with-hypoplasia-insufficient-glandular-tissue/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Breast Hypoplasia https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/insufficient-glandular-tissue-breast-hypoplasia
• Nancy Mohrbacher – my magical breast: where no breast has gone before http://www.nancymohrbacher.com/articles/2016/1/26/my-magical-breast-where-no-breast-had-gone-before

Link for midwives

• ABM Clinical Protocol #16: Breastfeeding the Hypotonic Infant, Revision 2016 https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/16-breastfeeding-the-hypotonic-infant-protocol-english.pdf

Links for client information

• La Leche League International – Special needs https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/special-needs/
• Breastfeeding your baby with Prader-Willi Syndrome https://www.pws.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Breastfeeding-your-baby-with-Prader-Willi-Syndrome.pdf

Links for midwives

• Cacho & Lawrence, Frontiers in Immunology – Innate immunity & breastmilk https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00584/full
• Goldman – Future research in the immune system of human milk https://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(18)31670-6/fulltext

Links for client information

• Nutrition – The First Superfood https://www.ogmagazine.org.au/14/3-14/the-first-superfood/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Breastfeeding & Immunity https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/breastfeeding-and-immunity
• Foteini Hassiotou – The Conversation – Breast milk protects mothers and babies from infection https://theconversation.com/breast-milk-protects-mothers-and-babies-from-infection-15025

Links for midwives

• Imprinting, latchment and displacement: a mini review of early instinctual behaviour in newborn infants influencing breastfeeding success https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5033030/?fbclid=IwAR0L73lwbgZ85F91CEgBsh7jBD93MOQX7-7lJPw6gN8romELw0A4SGKn_rE
• Latchment The First Stage of Emotional Development https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346572528_Latchment_The_First_Stage_of_Emotional_Development
• Latchment before attachment https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346088744_Latchment_Before_Attachment

Link for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Attachment to the breast https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/attachment-breast

Links for midwives

• Māori and Pasifika women’s experiences of
  breastfeeding across the South Island https://www.sialliance.health.nz/wp-content/uploads/South-Island-breastfeeding-project-5-Feb-2019.pdf
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – Removing the barriers to breastfeeding https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Barriers-to-Breastfeeding-Briefing-The-Baby-Friendly-Initiative.pdf
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – Kimberley Seals Allers: Minding the gap: The lived experience of BAME women in birth & breastfeeding / Conference presentation video https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/bame-women-in-birth-and-breastfeeding/
• Supporting the breastfeeding journey of Māori
  women and their whānau in Taranaki – https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/7551/02_whole.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
• Why cultural safety rather than cultural competency is required to achieve health equity: a literature review and recommended definition https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-019-1082-3

Links for midwives

• Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal & pediatric health outcomes and costs https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mcn.12366
• American Academy of Pediatrics – Breastfeeding & the use of human milk https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/129/3/e827.full.pdf

Link for client information

• American Academy of Pediatrics – Why breastfeed https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/breastfeeding/Pages/Why-Breastfeed.aspx

Links for midwives

• International Breastfeeding Journal – An observational study of associations among maternal fluids during parturition, neonatal output, and breastfed newborn weight loss – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174114/
• International Breastfeeding Journal – Iatrogenic newborn weight loss: knowledge translation using a study protocol for your maternity setting https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4358-6-10

Links for client information

• Children’s Health Queensland – Is my baby getting enough milk (Useful images) https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/fact-sheet-baby-getting-enough-breast-milk/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Is my baby getting enough milk – https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/my-baby-getting-enough-milk
• American Academy of Pediatrics – baby’s first days: bowel movements and urination https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/Babys-First-Days-Bowel-Movements-and-Urination.aspx

Links for midwives

• Infant feeding in emergencies resources https://ukbreastfeeding.org/2021/09/20/infant-feeding-in-emergencies-resources/
• NZ College of Midwives consensus statement – https://www.midwife.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Infant-Feeding-in-Emergencies-and-Disasters.pdf
• Ministry of Health NZ – position statement: infant feeding in an emergency for babies aged 0-12 months https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/topic_sheets/infant-feeding-in-an-emergency-position-statement-dec15.pdf
• Ministry of Health NZ – Infant feeding in an emergency https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/infant-feeding-emergency
• Emergency preparedness for infant and young child feeding in emergencies (IYCF-E): an Australian audit of emergency plans and guidance https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-7528-0
• Emergency Nutrition Network – how to write and talk about infant & young child feeding in emergencies https://www.ennonline.net//resources/writeandtalkife

Links for client information

• Ministry of Health NZ – Feeding your baby in an emergency (for babies aged 0-12 months) https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/healthy-living/emergency-management/feeding-your-baby-emergency-babies-aged-0-12-months

Link for midwives

• Ministry of Health 2021 – Healthy eating guidelines for New Zealand babies & toddlers (0-2 years old) https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/healthy-eating-guidelines-new-zealand-babies-and-toddlers-0-2-years-old

Links for midwives & clients

• Ministry of Health – WHO Code in NZ https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/who-code-nz
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – Guide to the Code https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/international-code-marketing-breastmilk-substitutes-resources/the-code/
• WHO – Frequently asked questions about the Code https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/library/international-code-marketing-breast-milk-substitutes-frequently-asked-questions-2017-update
• Marketing of breast milk substitutes: national implementation of the International Code status report 2020 https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/library/marketing-breast-milk-substitutes-national-implementation-international-code-status-report
• Ministry of Health –Breast-milk substitutes complaints procedures https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/who-code-nz/breast-milk-substitutes-complaints-procedure

Links for midwives

• Dr Jack Newman – breastfeeding & jaundice https://ibconline.ca/information-sheets/breastfeeding-and-jaundice/
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine – Guidelines for Management of Jaundice in the Breastfeeding Infant 35 Weeks or More of Gestation—Revised 2017 https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/22-jaundice-protocol-english.pdf

Links for client information

• La Leche League GB – Jaundice in healthy newborns https://www.laleche.org.uk/jaundice/

Link for midwives

• Immediate “Kangaroo Mother Care” and Survival of Infants with Low Birth Weight. (Also see Skin-to-skin) https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2026486?fbclid=IwAR2nREL1LlAEI7HvvAM5UrntQrSrp2i_IzoshS5pyQthAquSq0k-63dtU0w

Links for client information

• NINO Birth Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/ninobirth
• Neonatal Unity for mothers and babies Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/NICUMothersandBabies
• Best Beginnings – Small Wonders Kangaroo Care video https://vimeo.com/16654816

Links for midwives

• Breastfeeding Network – knitted breast pattern (Knit or crotchet a breast for teaching purposes) https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/wp-content/pdfs/Knitted_Breasts.pdf
• Breastfeeding Network – crotchet pattern https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Boob-Crochet-Pattern-ZB.pdf

Links for midwives

• The association between intrapartum opioid fentanyl and early breastfeeding: A prospective observational study https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aogs.14268?fbclid=IwAR2G72FHyqlTXQz03wRM0A3p4PoqmuqdjHSpEBbxkKeK4b0bFFmQVcUnqjU
• The effect of labor medications on normal newborn behavior in the first hour after birth: A prospective cohort study https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378378219300945
• Infant feeding and analgesia in labour: the evidence is accumulating https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4358-1-25
• The association between common labor drugs and suckling when skin-to-skin during the first hour after birth https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26463582/
• Important findings published about common labor medications & breastfeeding success – video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gX44xcS995k

Link for midwives

• The “Lactation After Infant Death (AID) Framework”: A Guide for Online Health Information Provision About Lactation After Stillbirth and Infant Death https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7411512/

Links for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – lactation suppression https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/lactation-suppression
• La Leche League International – Commonly asked questions about lactation after loss https://www.llli.org/commonly-asked-questions-about-lactation-after-loss/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Lactation after infant death https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/lactation-after-infant-death

Links for midwives

• Stages of lactogenesis http://californiabreastfeeding.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Cole-Table-1-stages-of-lactation.pdf
• Baby Friendly Initiative Strategy Ontario – How the breast works https://breastfeedingresourcesontario.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/BFI_How_the_Breast_Works_web.pdf

Link for client information

• Natural breastfeeding video – (Also see Biological Nurturing) http://www.nancymohrbacher.com/breastfeeding-resources-1/2016/12/26/natural-breastfeeding-video

Links for midwives & clients

• La Leche League NZ webpage https://lalecheleague.org.nz/
• La Leche League NZ Facebook page Breastfeeding Support – https://www.facebook.com/LLLNZ

Links for midwives

• New Zealand Breastfeeding Alliance – Positioning & Latching https://www.babyfriendly.org.nz/fileadmin/user_upload/Positioning_and_Latching_Baby_Point_4.pdf
• International Breastfeeding Journal – Effects of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact on severe latch-on problems in older infants: a randomized trial – https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4358-8-1

Links for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Attachment to the breast https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/attachment-breast
• Best Beginnings – video of a baby latching on the breast https://www.bestbeginnings.org.uk/fbtb-attaching-graphic
• Nancy Mohrbacher – Is Your Formerly Nursing Baby Refusing to Breastfeed? http://www.nancymohrbacher.com/articles/2013/1/26/is-your-formerly-nursing-baby-refusing-to-breastfeed.html

Link for midwives

• Clinical protocol: Breastfeeding the Late Preterm (34–36 6/7 Weeks of Gestation) and Early Term Infants (37–38 6/7 Weeks of Gestation) – Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine https://www.bfmed.org/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/10-breastfeeding-the-late-pre-term-infant-protocol-english.pdf

Link for client information

• Breastfeeding your late preterm baby – Best Start free pdf (available in multiple languages) https://resources.beststart.org/product/b26e-breastfeeding-your-late-preterm-baby-booklet/

Links for midwives & clients

• Lead exposure in some areas of Aotearoa NZ “While it is possible for mothers to pass lead on to unborn babies & to infants through breastmilk, our advice is to continue breastfeeding due to all of the benefits breastfeeding gives” https://www.southernhealth.nz/sites/default/files/2021-02/Information%20sheet%20-%20lead%20in%20Waikouaiti%2C%20Karitane%20and%20Hawksbury%20Feb%2009%202021.pdf
• Infant Risk Center – Breastfeeding and Lead Contamination https://www.infantrisk.com/breastfeeding-and-lead-contamination (Because lead freely passes through the placenta, maternal lead exposure is exceedingly hazardous for the unborn infant. The transfer of lead is highest to the fetus during pregnancy, and somewhat less during lactation)

Link for client information

• American Academy of Pediatrics – blood lead levels in pregnancy & breastfeeding https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/Pages/Blood-Lead-Levels-in-Pregnant-Breastfeeding-Moms.aspx

Link for client information

• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/support-for-parents/leaking-breasts/

Links for midwives

• Clinical protocol #36: The Mastitis Spectrum Revised 2022 – Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine https://www.bfmed.org/assets/ABM%20Protocol%20%2336.pdf
• New Zealand College of Midwives: Webinar Mastitis – A clinical update https://www.midwife.org.nz/midwives/education/webinars/mastitis-a-clinical-update/

Links for client information

• a Leche League International: Mastitis and sore breasts https://llli.org/breastfeeding-info/mastitis/
• • IABLE – Institute for the advancement of breastfeeding and lactation education. Mastitis prevention and management.

  https://thepixelfarm.com/iable/membercontent/BFHandouts/IABLE_BF-Ed_Mastitis.pdf

  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine – Mastitis in breastfeeding

  https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/PatientHandouts/English_ABM_Mastitis%20Handout_Protected.pdf

  • Helensville Birthing Centre – Breast care and mastitis

  https://www.birthcentre.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Breast-Care-and-Mastitis.pdf

Link for midwives

• The Maternal Health Benefits of Breastfeeding https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0501/p602.html

Link for client information

• La Leche League International – Breastfeeding: What’s in it for mothers? https://www.llli.org/whats-in-it-for-mothers/

Links for midwives

• Breastfeeding: Evidence based guidelines for the use of medicines https://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/AFP/2011/September/201109amir.pdf
• Dr Thomas Hale – InfantRisk Centre – most medicines are safe for breastfeeding but there are some contraindications https://www.infantrisk.com/
• Medsafe – Medicine use in lactation https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/puarticles/June2015/June2015Lactation.htm
• Fact sheets – Breastfeeding & Medication https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/
• The safe use of medicines while
  breastfeeding – https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/How-to-advise-women-on-the-safe-use-of-medicines-while-breastfeeding-June-2021.pdf
• Guideline on anaesthesia & sedation in breastfeeding women 2020 https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/anae.15179
• Trash the pump and dump – challenging incorrect instructions to pump and discard breastmilk or stop breastfeeding – https://trashthepumpanddump.org/about/

Links for midwives

• International Breastfeeding Journal – A new paradigm for depression in new mothers: the central role of inflammation and how breastfeeding and anti-inflammatory treatments protect maternal mental health https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4358-2-6
• Effect of Community-Initiated Kangaroo Mother Care on Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Stress Among Mothers of Low-Birth-Weight Infants. RCT https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2779045#:~:text=Findings%20In%20a%20randomized%20clinical,at%204%20weeks%20after%20delivery .
• Amy Brown – Understanding the relationship between breastfeeding and postnatal depression: the role of pain and physical difficulties https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jan.12832
• Maternal Mental Health Alliance UK – Supporting positive conversations about feeding choice and mental health in the perinatal period https://maternalmentalhealthalliance.org/supporting-positive-conversations-about-feeding-choice-and-mental-health-in-the-perinatal-period/
• New evidence on breastfeeding and postpartum depression: the importance of understanding women’s intentions https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25138629/

Links for client information

• What do women want healthcare professional to know about the needs of the perinatal mum with mental health challenges? https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/fact-sheet/what-do-women-want-healthcare-professional-to-know-about-the-needs-of-the-perinatal-mum-with-mental-health-challenges
• Amy Brown – Breastfeeding is good for mothers’ mental health – but those who struggle need support https://theconversation.com/breastfeeding-is-good-for-mothers-mental-health-but-those-who-struggle-need-support-103788

Links for midwives

• Royal Society – Temporal development of the infant gut microbiome https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsob.190128
• Cell Host & Microbe – Breastmilk Feeding Practices Are Associated with the Co-Occurrence of Bacteria in Mothers’ Milk and the Infant Gut: the CHILD Cohort Study https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312820303504?via%3Dihub
• CHILD Cohort Study: New scientific insights into breastfeeding https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfKKuwPpYWo
• Microbirth – what is the infant microbiome? Free mini course https://microbirth.teachable.com/p/taster

Links for client information

• Breastfeeding & the microbiome https://www.ohsu.edu/school-of-medicine/moore-institute/breastfeeding-and-microbiome
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Breastfeeding, bacteria & your baby’s gut https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/breastfeeding-bacteria-and-your-babys-gut

Links for midwives & clients 

• How do you treat a milk blister? https://kellymom.com/bf/concerns/mother/nipplebleb/
• What is a milk blister? https://www.thelactationplace.com/milk-blisters
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – White spot on the nipple https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/white-spot-nipple
• La Leche League International – Mastitis (scroll down to milk blisters (blebs)) https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/mastitis/

Links for midwives

• Kerstin Uvnäs Moberg et al – Oxytocin effects in mothers & infants during breastfeeding https://www.infantjournal.co.uk/pdf/inf_054_ers.pdf
• Kerstin Uvnäs Moberg et al – Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during breastfeeding— A systematic review https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0235806

Link for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Let-down reflex (milk ejection reflex) https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/early-days/let-down-reflex

Links for midwives

• Principles for Maintaining or Increasing Breast Milk Production https://www.jognn.org/article/S0884-2175(15)31026-1/fulltext
• Breast milk supply & critically ill infants / Pump Early, Pump Often: A Continuous Quality Improvement Project https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720864/
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – Maximising breastmilk & supporting re-lactation – https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/Unicef-UK-Baby-Friendly-Initiative-Maximising-breastmilk-and-re-lactation-guidance-2.pdf

Links for client information

• Milk production overview – https://www.lowmilksupply.org/making-milk-101
• Stanford University – Maximising milk supply https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/breastfeeding/maximizing-milk-production.html
• La Leche League GB – My baby needs more milk https://www.laleche.org.uk/my-baby-needs-more-milk/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – increasing supply https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/common-concerns%E2%80%93mum/supply
• Low supply – supplementation of feeds https://www.lowmilksupply.org/supplementation

Links for midwives

• Overabundant milk supply: an alternative way to intervene by full drainage and block feeding https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4358-2-11
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine – ABM Clinical Protocol #32: Management of Hyperlactation https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2019.29141.hmj

Links for client information

• Oversupply – https://www.lowmilksupply.org/oversupply
• Breastfeeding & medication – Breastfeeding & lowering/stopping milk supply https://www.breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/lowering-or-stopping-breastmilk-supply.pdf

Links for midwives

• Infant formula feeding practices and the role of advice and support: an exploratory qualitative study https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-017-0977-7
• Mother’s Beliefs, Attitudes, and Decision Making Related to Infant Feeding Choices https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4719110/

Links for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Mixed feeding https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/mixed-feeding
• Women’s Health Action – Combination feeding video https://www.womens-health.org.nz/combination-feeding/
• Partial weaning & combination feeding https://kellymom.com/ages/weaning/wean-how/weaning-partial/

Link for midwives

• Guidance for health professionals on feeding twins, triplets & higher order multiples – https://multiples.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/MBF_Professionals_Final.pdf

Links for client information

• La Leche League GB – Twins and more https://www.laleche.org.uk/twins/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Breastfeeding twins https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/twins
• Kapi Mana Multiple Birth Club – Breastfeeding multiples … definitely worth it! https://multiples.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Breastfeeding_multiples_definitely_worth_it_Multiple_Matters_Spring_2009.pdf

Link for client information

• National Childbirth Trust UK – what’s in a nappy? Feeding & infant output https://www.nct.org.uk/sites/default/files/related_documents/What%27s%20in%20a%20nappy%20%28ENGLISH%20VERSION%29%20FINAL%20WITHOUT%20BLEED.pdf

• See Breastfeeding Strategy

Links for midwives

• Māori whānau experiences of neonatal care experiences http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/project/m-ori-wh-nau-experiences-neonatal-care-experiences
• Expansion of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding into Neonatal Intensive Care: Expert Group Recommendations for Three Guiding Principles https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0890334412441862?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
• “It was all taken away”: Lactation, embodiment, and resistance among mothers caring for their very-low-birth-weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953619306434
• Breastfeeding preterm infants – Starship https://starship.org.nz/guidelines/breastfeeding-preterm-infants/

Links for client information

• BLISS – Words you might hear on the neonatal unit https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/in-hospital/about-neonatal-care/words-you-might-hear-on-the-neonatal-unit
• La Leche League GB – Successfully breastfeeding your premature baby https://www.laleche.org.uk/successfully-breastfeeding-premature-baby/
• La Leche League International – Breastfeeding premature babies https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-premature-babies/

Links for midwives

• Nighttime Breastfeeding Behavior Is Associated with More Nocturnal Sleep among First-Time Mothers at One Month Postpartum https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3927438/
• Association between breastfeeding and new mothers’ sleep: a unique Australian time use study https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13006-020-00347-z
• Baby Sleep Info Source (BASIS) ‘Normal’ sleep and ‘sleeping through’ https://www.basisonline.org.uk/hcp-normal-sleep-and-sleeping-through/
• Baby Sleep Info Source (BASIS – Normal sleep development https://www.basisonline.org.uk/hcp-normal-sleep-development/

Links for client information

• La Leche League GB – Breastfeeding at night https://www.laleche.org.uk/breastfeeding-at-night/
• Baby Sleep Info Source (BASIS) – Normal sleep development https://www.basisonline.org.uk/normal-sleep-development/
• Baby Sleep Info Source (BASIS) – Brains, biology & sleep – https://www.basisonline.org.uk/brains-biology-and-sleep/
• University of Western Australia – breastfeeding at night is fine https://www.uwa.edu.au/news/Article/2021/September/New-mums-relax-breastfeeding-at-night-is-fine-says-expert?fbclid=IwAR1OLbVWGVl09DJrjJt0B13eywpggpoB43OUKn372L-RGq9pSab_rUTI668
• Sarah Ockwell-Smith – how to gently night wean https://sarahockwell-smith.com/2014/08/10/how-to-gently-night-wean-a-breastfed-baby-or-toddler/

• See behavioural sequences & newborn / skin to skin to skin contact

Link for midwives

• BFHI – Breast & nipple conditions (with images) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK153481/

Links for client information

• La Leche League International – inverted & flat nipples https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/inverted-flat-nipples/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Inverted & flat nipples https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/inverted-and-flat-nipples

• See Blister – milk

Links for midwives

• Evidently Cochrane – simple help for painful nipples in breastfeeding women (Applying nothing, or expressed breast milk, may be as good or better than applying an ointment, such as lanolin, for both nipple pain and healing) https://www.evidentlycochrane.net/simple-help-painful-nipples-breastfeeding-women/
• Topical treatments used by breastfeeding women to treat sore and damaged nipples https://www.birthcentre.co.nz/files/3314/9662/0344/topical_treatment_for_nipples.pdf
• Breastfeeding Protocols for Health Care Providers – Protocol #4 Sore nipples https://www.mcgill.ca/familymed/files/familymed/sore_nipple_protocol.pdf
• Kimberley Allen – A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Lanolin for the Treatment of Nipple Pain Among Breastfeeding Women https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/65631/3/Allen_Kim_201406_PhD_thesis.pdf

Links for midwives

• Nipple pain associated with breastfeeding: incorporating current neurophysiology into clinical reasoning https://www.racgp.org.au/download/Documents/AFP/2015/March/AFP-2015-3-Clinical-Amir.pdf
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine – ABM Clinical Protocol #26: Persistent Pain with Breastfeeding https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/26-persistent-pain-protocol-english.pdf
• Evidently Cochrane – simple help for painful nipples in breastfeeding women https://www.evidentlycochrane.net/simple-help-painful-nipples-breastfeeding-women
• Rebecca Glover – nipple pain & trauma: prevention & care https://www.rebeccaglover.com.au/viewStory/Nipple_Pain_and_Trauma_-_Prevention_and_Cure

Links for client information

• Sore nipples or breasts? Here’s help https://kellymom.com/hot-topics/sore-nipples-breasts/
• La Leche League International – breastfeeding with sore nipples https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/breastfeeding-sore-nipples/

Links for midwives

• InfantRisk Centre – https://www.infantrisk.com/content/nipple-piercing-effects
• LactMed – nipple piercing https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500564/

Links for client information

• Babies, Breasts and Body Mods: What You Need to Know – https://kellymom.com/bf/can-i-breastfeed/lifestyle/body-mods/
• La Leche League International – nipple piercings https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/nipple-piercings/
• What every breastfeeding mother needs to know about body modifications – https://cdn.kellymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Body-Mods-handout.pdf

Link for midwives

• The use of nipple shields: a review https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00236/full

Links for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – nipple shields https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/nipple-shields
• National Women’s Health – nipple shield use to support breastfeeding https://nationalwomenshealth.adhb.govt.nz/assets/Womens-health/Documents/Pregnancy/B-Breastfeeding-Nipple-Shields-to-support-breastfeeding.pdf

Links for midwives

• New Zealand College of Midwives – Nitrate levels in drinking water: risks for pregnant women & formula fed babies https://www.midwife.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Advice-to-member-Nitrates-May-2021-1.pdf
• Public health response to report on potential risk of nitrate from drinking water https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/pubhealthexpert/public-health-response-to-report-on-potential-risk-of-nitrate-from-drinking-water/
• Nitrate contamination in drinking water and adverse birth outcomes: emerging evidence is concerning for NZ https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/pubhealthexpert/nitrate-contamination-in-drinking-water-and-adverse-birth-outcomes-emerging-evidence-is-concerning-for-nz/

Link for client information

• Community & Public Health – health risks of nitrates in drinking water https://www.cph.co.nz/health-risks-of-nitrates-in-drinking-water/

Links for midwives

• Christina Smilie – The non-latching infant podcast. How to support a baby to latch & breastfeed https://lacted.org/podcasts/non-latching-infant/
• Canadian Breastfeeding Foundation – when baby does not latch https://www.canadianbreastfeedingfoundation.org/basics/does_not_latch.shtml
• Catherine Watson Genna – The non-latching infant: the first 48 hours & beyond (PPP) https://www.naturalbreastfeeding.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/GennaPPTNonlatchingbaby.pdf
• Effects of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact on severe latch-on problems in older infants: a randomized trial https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4358-8-1

Links for client information

• La Leche League GB – my baby won’t breastfeed https://www.laleche.org.uk/my-baby-wont-breastfeed/
• La Leche League International – the baby who doesn’t nurse https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/back-to-breast/
• Rebirthing technique / co-bathing for non-latching babies https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ygesrlpn8kY

Link for midwives

• Cochrane Collaboration – Non-nutritive sucking for promoting physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants (Review) https://www.albany.edu/cphce/mch_nonnutrsucking_cochrane.pdf

Link for midwives

• New Zealand Breastfeeding Alliance: Baby Friendly Aotearoa https://www.babyfriendly.org.nz/

Link for client information

• New Zealand Breastfeeding Alliance: Baby Friendly Aotearoa https://www.babyfriendly.org.nz/parents/

Links for midwives

• The effect of inhaling mother’s breast milk odor on the behavioral responses to pain. (Also see Smellscape) https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-021-02519-0
• The Calming Effect of Maternal Breast Milk Odor on Term Infant: A Randomized Controlled Trial – https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2020.0116
• The odour of human milk: Its chemical variability and detection by newborns https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02414388/document

Links for midwives

• Ministry of Health NZ – breast engorgement & breast oedema https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/life-stages/breastfeeding/health-practitioners/breast-engorgement-and-breast-oedema
• Engorgement Help: Reverse Pressure Softening- a technique to aid latching when a mother is engorged https://kellymom.com/bf/concerns/mother/rev_pressure_soft_cotterman/

Links for midwives

• Lars Bode – Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama (antiadhesive antimicrobials) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22513036/
• Immunological effects of human milk oligosaccharides – https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2018.00190/full

Links for midwives

• Oxytocin effects in mothers & infants during breastfeeding https://www.infantjournal.co.uk/pdf/inf_054_ers.pdf
• Sarah Buckley – hormonal physiology of childbearing: evidence & implications for women, babies & maternity care https://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/resources/health-care/maternity/hormonal-physiology-of-childbearing.pdf

Link for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Let-down reflex (milk ejection reflex) https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/early-days/let-down-reflex

Links for midwives

• Breastfeeding Medicine – Pacifier use & breastfeeding: A qualitative study of postpartum mothers https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2019.0174
• Cochrane Review – effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding (In motivated mothers, there is moderate‐quality evidence that pacifier use in healthy term breastfeeding infants before & after lactation is established does not reduce the duration of breastfeeding up to four months of age. Insufficient information on the potential harms of pacifiers on infants & mothers) https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub4/full

Links for client information

• New Hampshire Breastfeeding Taskforce – pros & cons http://www.nhbreastfeedingtaskforce.org/pdf/pacifier_decision.pdf
• La Leche League GB – dummies & breastfeeding https://www.laleche.org.uk/dummies-and-breastfeeding/

Links for midwives

• Nipple pain in breastfeeding mothers: Incidence, causes & treatments – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626966/
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine – ABM Clinical Protocol #26: Persistent pain with breastfeeding https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/26-persistent-pain-protocol-english.pdf
• Breastfeeding Medicine – Nipple pain, damage & vasospasm in the first 8 weeks postpartum https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2013.0106

Links for client information

• KellyMom – Sore nipples or breasts? Here’s help https://kellymom.com/hot-topics/sore-nipples-breasts/
• La Leche League GB – nipple pain https://www.laleche.org.uk/nipple-pain/
• La Leche League International – pain: general https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/pain-general/

Links for midwives

• Clinical Protocol #23: Nonpharmacological Management of Procedure-Related Pain in the Breastfeeding Infant – Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine https://www.bfmed.org/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/23-non-pharmacologic-pain-management-protocol-english.pdf
• Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates – Cochrane Review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23235618/
• Heel-lancing in newborns: behavioral and spectral analysis assessment of pain control methods https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19841119/
• Breastfeeding for procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period – Cochrane Review https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6461192/

Links for midwives

• Baby Friendly Initiative Toronto – How the breast works https://breastfeedingresourcesontario.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/BFI_How_the_Breast_Works_web.pdf
• GP Infant Feeding Network (GPIFN) – Anatomy & Physiology https://gpifn.org.uk/anatomy-and-physiology/
• Sarah Buckley – hormonal physiology of childbearing: evidence & implications for women, babies & maternity care https://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/resources/health-care/maternity/hormonal-physiology-of-childbearing.pdf

Link for client information

• WIC Breastfeeding support – how breast milk is made https://wicbreastfeeding.fns.usda.gov/how-breast-milk-made
• How lactation works – Association of Breastfeeding Mothers video https://abm.me.uk/how-lactation-works/

Links for midwives

• Gestalt Breastfeeding: Helping Mothers and Infants Optimize Positional Stability and Intraoral Breast Tissue Volume for Effective, Pain-Free Milk Transfer ­ https://education.possumsonline.com/sites/default/files/Gestalt%20breastfeedingJHL2017_0.pdf
• Physiologic Breastfeeding: A Contemporary Approach to Breastfeeding Initiation. A redirected focus towards the activation of maternal & infant instincts https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26461191/

Link for midwives

• NICE Guidelines – Postnatal care Indicators of good attachment at the breast https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng194

Links for client information

• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – video https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/breastfeeding-resources/positioning-and-attachment-video/
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – video ineffective attachment https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/breastfeeding-resources/ineffective-attachment/

Link for client information

• Ready Set Baby –a guide to welcoming your new family member (Breastfeeding basics, common concerns) https://www.readysetbabyonline.com/

Links for midwives

• Starship Hospital – Breastfeeding preterm infants https://starship.org.nz/guidelines/breastfeeding-preterm-infants/
• Breastfeeding progression in late preterm infants from birth to one month https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mcn.12893
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine – Clinical protocol #12 Transitioning the breastfeeding preterm infant from NICU to home https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/12-NICU-Graduate-Going-Home-english.pdf

Links for client information

• La Leche League International – breastfeeding premature babies https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-premature-babies/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Breastfeeding your premature baby https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/premature
• La Leche League GB – Successfully breastfeeding your premature baby https://www.laleche.org.uk/successfully-breastfeeding-premature-baby/
• American Academy of Pediatrics – Providing breastmilk for premature & ill newborns https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/breastfeeding/Pages/Providing-Breastmilk-for-Premature-and-Ill-Newborns.aspx
• Struggling to latch – Amy’s story https://www.bliss.org.uk/story/amys-feeding-story
• Maximizing milk production with hands-on pumping https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/breastfeeding/maximizing-milk-production.html
• Breastfeeding your early preterm baby – Best Start free pdf https://resources.beststart.org/product/b23e-breastfeeding-your-early-preterm-baby-booklet/

Link for midwives

• Principles for maintaining or increasing breast milk production – https://www.jognn.org/article/S0884-2175(15)31026-1/fulltext

Links for client information

• How does milk production work https://kellymom.com/hot-topics/milkproduction/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – How breastmilk is made https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/early-days/how-breastmilk-made

Links for midwives

• Normal prolactin levels in breastfeeding mothers https://kellymom.com/bf/normal/prolactin-levels/
• Milk prolactin, feed volume and duration between feeds in women breastfeeding their full-term infants over a 24 h period https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113/eph8702327

Link for client information

• 5 cool things no one ever told you about night time breastfeeding https://www.breastfeedinginsheffield.co.uk/mum-and-baby/nighttime-breastfeeding/

Links for midwives

• The Baby-Friendly Initiative: Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380749/
• NZ College of Midwives – consensus statement breastfeeding https://www.midwife.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Breastfeeding.pdf
• WHO – Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services https://www.who.int/elena/titles/full_recommendations/breastfeeding-support/en/
• Scaling up protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding at the community level https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/15648265090302S207

Links for midwives

• Breastfeeding as a public health responsibility: A review of the evidence https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jhn.12496
• Amy Brown – What do women really want from breastfeeding education and promotion? Lessons for public health video https://vimeo.com/255586737
• What has public health got to do with midwifery? https://www.womenandbirth.org/article/S1871-5192(10)00042-9/fulltext
• Public health impact of breastfeeding https://oxfordre.com/publichealth/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.001.0001/acrefore-9780190632366-e-66
• A public health approach for deciding policy on infant feeding & mother-infant contact in the context of COVID-19 – https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(20)30538-6/fulltext

Link for midwives & clients

• Trash the pump & dump – The goal of the Trash the Pump and Dump App is to explain the true situations when pump and dumping is recommended – which are very few & to expose the myths regarding contraindications to breastfeeding/giving breastmilk (There are very few reasons why milk needs to be ‘pumped & dumped’) https://trashthepumpanddump.org/about/

Links for midwives

• Breastfeeding & medication – Breastfeeding after CT & MRI scans https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/fact-sheet/breastfeeding-after-ct-and-mri-scans
• The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists – Iodinated contrast media guideline (page 23) https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/RANZR-20170215-Iodinated-Contrast-Media-Guideline.pdf
• Breastfeeding & medication – Breastfeeding after VQ scans https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/fact-sheet/breastfeeding-after-vq-scans
• Breastfeeding & medication MRI, adolinium and breastfeeding https://www.breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/MRI-and-breastfeeding.pdf
• Breastfeeding Network – MRI scans & breastfeeding https://www.breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/MRI-and-breastfeeding-1.pdf
• Trash the Pump & Dump – Nuclear medical imaging https://trashthepumpanddump.org/nuclear-medicine-imaging
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine –Clinical Protocol #31: Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Studies in Lactating Women https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2019.29128.kbm

Links for client information

• Breastfeeding Network UK – MRI scans & breastfeeding https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/mri/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Radiology & breastfeeding https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/radiology-and-breastfeeding

Links for midwives

• Breastfeeding Network UK – Eczema & breastfeeding https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/eczema/
• The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Topical Application of Human Milk in Dermal and Optical Disease https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2020/4578153/

Links for midwives

• Breastfeeding and medication Raynaud’s & breastfeeding (Also see Vasospasm) https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/fact-sheet/february-is-raynaud-s-awareness-month-www-sruk-co-uk
• Breastfeeding & medication – symptoms, treatment & nifedipine https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/fact-sheet/february-is-raynaud-s-awareness-month-www-sruk-co-uk
• Breastfeeding Medicine – nipple pain, damage & vasospasm in the first 8 weeks postpartum https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2013.0106
• Breastfeeding Network – Raynaud’s phenomenon in breastfeeding mothers https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/raynauds/

Links for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Vasospasm https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/vasospasm
• Nipple blanching & vasospasm https://kellymom.com/bf/concerns/mother/nipple-blanching/

Links for midwives

• American Academy of Pediatrics – Newborn reflexes (Also see Rooting reflex) https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/Newborn-Reflexes.aspx
• Stanford – images of newborn reflexes https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=newborn-reflexes-90-P02630
• Optimal positions for the release of primitive neonatal reflexes stimulating breastfeeding – https://amamantarasturias.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/08ing-Optimal-positions.pdf

Links for midwives

• Induced lactation – Lisa Amir https://www.ogmagazine.org.au/23/1-23/induced-lactation/
• Mental health, attachment and breastfeeding: implications for adopted children and their mothers – Karleen Gribble https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4358-1-5

Links for client information

• Adoptive breastfeeding, relactation & induced lactation – Karleen Gribble https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=280998487129512
• Association of Breastfeeding Mothers – relactation: restarting breastfeeding after a gap https://abm.me.uk/breastfeeding-information/relactation/
• La Leche League International – Breastfeeding without giving birth https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-without-giving-birth-2/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – relactation & induced lactation https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/relactation-and-induced-lactation

Link for midwives

• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – responsive feeding: supporting close & loving relationships https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/12/Responsive-Feeding-Infosheet-Unicef-UK-Baby-Friendly-Initiative.pdf

Link for client information

• Importance of responsive feeding https://kellymom.com/ages/newborn/bf-basics/importance-responsive-feeding/

Link for midwives

• Engorgement help: Reverse pressure softening (Also see oedema) https://kellymom.com/bf/concerns/mother/rev_pressure_soft_cotterman/

Link for client information

• Breastfeeding Friendly Ontario – downloadable resource with images https://breastfeedingresourcesontario.ca/resource/reverse-pressure-softening

Links for midwives & clients

• Human Rights Commission – breastfeeding https://www.hrc.co.nz/our-work/women/breastfeeding/
• Human Rights Commission https://www.hrc.co.nz/our-work/women/breastfeeding/
• Human Rights Commission – Your rights as a breastfeeding mother https://www.hrc.co.nz/files/5314/2378/0071/14-Dec-2005_16-09-38_breastfeeding_flyer_English.pdf
• Women’s Health Action – understanding the legislation – breastfeeding friendly workplaces https://www.womens-health.org.nz/breastfeeding-friendly-workplaces/understanding-the-legislation/
• George Kent – Child feeding & human rights https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4358-1-27

Links for midwives

• Rooting reflex https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557636/
• American Academy of Pediatrics – Newborn reflexes https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/Newborn-Reflexes.aspx

Links for midwives

• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine – Bedsharing and Breastfeeding: The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol #6, Revision 2019 https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2019.29144.psb
• Baby sleep information source (BASIS) https://www.basisonline.org.uk/
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – latest bed sharing research https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/news-and-research/baby-friendly-research/infant-health-research/infant-health-research-bed-sharing-infant-sleep-and-sids/
• Mother-Baby Behavioral Sleep Laboratory – https://cosleeping.nd.edu/why-this-website/

Links for midwives

• Lamaze – Changing the Conversation about Breastfeeding and Sexuality https://www.lamaze.org/Connecting-the-Dots/Post/changing-the-conversation-about-breastfeeding-and-sexuality
• The experience of sexuality during breastfeeding among primiparous women – https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S1526-9523(00)00020-9
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine – Breastfeeding & sexual activity & sexual quality in postpartum women https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/bfm.2018.0249?journalCode=bfm

Links for client information

• American Academy of Pediatrics – Breastfeeding & sexuality https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/breastfeeding/Pages/Breastfeeding-and-Sexuality.aspx
• National Childbirth Trust UK – Breastfeeding & sex: five surprising facts https://www.nct.org.uk/life-parent/sex-after-baby/breastfeeding-and-sex-five-surprising-facts

Links for midwives

• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – skin to skin contact https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/implementing-standards-resources/skin-to-skin-contact/
• Mother–Infant Skin-to-Skin Contact: Short‐ and Long-Term Effects for Mothers and Their Children Born Full-Term https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01921/full
• Evidence based birth – evidence on: skin-to-skin after cesarean https://evidencebasedbirth.com/the-evidence-for-skin-to-skin-care-after-a-cesarean/
• Healthy birth practice #6: Keep mother & baby together – it’s best for mother, baby & breastfeeding https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235060/
• Skin‐to‐skin contact the first hour after birth, underlying implications and clinical practice https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6949952/

Links for client information

• New Zealand Breastfeeding Alliance – Skin-to-skin contact brochure https://www.babyfriendly.org.nz/fileadmin/user_upload/NZBA_Skin-to-Skin_Brochure_2018.pdf
• La Leche League International – Skin-to-skin care https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/skin-skin-care/

Links for client information

• Amy Brown – should babies sleep through the night? video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KloS897cp-c
• Baby Sleep Info Source (BASIS) – biologically normal sleep for human babies https://www.basisonline.org.uk/
• Amy Brown – why you might want to put the baby books down video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DagfgMeMSXI
• 5 cool things no one ever told you about night time breastfeeding https://www.breastfeedinginsheffield.co.uk/mum-and-baby/nighttime-breastfeeding/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – how to cope with broken sleep https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/how-cope-broken-sleep

Links for client information

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Do I need to wake my baby for feeds – https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/do-i-need-wake-my-baby-feeds
• La Leche League GB – Sleepy baby – why & what to do https://www.laleche.org.uk/sleepy-baby-why-and-what-to-do/
• Sleepy babies https://kellymom.com/mother2mother/sleepy-babies/

Links for midwives

• Human breast areolae as scent organs: Morphological data and possible involvement in maternal-neonatal coadaptation https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16489591/
• The “smellscape” of mother’s breast: effects of odor masking and selective unmasking on neonatal arousal, oral, and visual responses (Also see odour) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dev.20210
• The effect of the odour of mother’s milk on breastfeeding behaviour of premature neonates – Brief exposure to the odour of mother’s milk prior to early breastfeeding trials had a positive effect on sucking behaviour and milk ingestion of preterm babies https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407458/

Links for midwives

• Breastfeeding support – Nicotine therapy, vaping & breastfeeding https://breastfeeding.support/nicotine-therapy-vaping-breastfeeding/
• American Academy of Pediatrics – E-cigarette use during pregnancy & breastfeeding FAQs https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/Pages/E-Cigarette-Use-During-Pregnancy-Breastfeeding.aspx

Links for client information

• La Leche League International – Smoking & breastfeeding https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/smoking-and-breastfeeding/
• Breastfeeding & cigarette smoking https://kellymom.com/bf/can-i-breastfeed/lifestyle/smoking/
• La Leche League GB – smoking, vaping, cannabis & breastfeeding https://www.laleche.org.uk/smoking-vaping-cannabis-breastfeeding/
• Australian Breastfeeding Association – Breastfeeding & smoking https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/breastfeeding-and-smoking
• Stopping smoking – https://www.smokefree.org.nz/help-advice/stopping-smoking

Link for midwives

• Evidently Cochrane – Regardless of the treatment, for most women, nipple pain reduced to mild levels 7 to 10 days after giving birth. (Evidence based treatment – Applying nothing, or expressed breast milk, may be as good or better than applying an ointment, such as lanolin, for both nipple pain and healing) https://www.evidentlycochrane.net/simple-help-painful-nipples-breastfeeding-women/

Links for client information

• Breastfeeding with sore nipples – La Leche League International – https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/breastfeeding-sore-nipples/
• Sore/cracked nipples – Australian Breastfeeding Association https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/common-concerns%E2%80%93mum/sore-cracked-nipples

Link for midwives

• Looking for cues – infant communication of hunger and satiation during milk feeding https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/104917/3/BlundellLookingforcues.pdf

Links for client information

• States of Consciousness in Newborns – American Academy of Pediatrics – Sleep/wake states (deep sleep/light sleep/drowsiness /quiet alert/active alert/crying) https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/States-of-Consciousness-in-Newborns.aspx
• Normal sleep development – Baby Sleep Info Source (BASIS) https://www.basisonline.org.uk/hcp-normal-sleep-development/

Link for midwives

• The magic number and long-term milk production – Nancy Mohrbacher (Also see Physiology) https://dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/chs/files/resmohrbachermagicnumber2011.pdf

Link for client information

• Infographic on breast storage capacity – Nancy Mohrbacher http://www.nancymohrbacher.com/articles/2014/1/17/infographic-on-breast-storage-capacity.html

Link for midwives

• ABM Clinical Protocol #8: Human Milk Storage Information for Home Use for Full-Term Infants, Revised 2017 https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/bfm.2017.29047.aje?journalCode=bfm

Links for client information

• Expressing & storing breastmilk – The Breastfeeding Network https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/wp-content/pdfs/BFN%20Expressing%20Leaflet%202019.pdf
• Healthy Children – tips for freezing & refrigerating breastmilk https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/breastfeeding/Pages/Storing-and-Preparing-Expressed-Breast-Milk.aspx
• Storing your milk – La Leche League GB https://www.laleche.org.uk/storing-your-milk/

Links for midwives

• Midland Breastfeeding Framework – https://healthshare.health.nz/sites/default/files/resources/Midland%2BBreastfeeding%2BFramework%2BMay%2B2017%20FINAL.pdf
• Maori And Pasifika Women’s Experiences Of Breastfeeding – South Island Health Alliance https://www.sialliance.health.nz/south-island-maori-and-pasifika-womens-experiences-of-breastfeeding/

Links for client information

• Kōrero whāngai ū – breastfeeding stories http://canbreastfeed.co.nz/korero-whangai-u-breastfeeding-stories/
• Best Beginnings – From bump to breastfeeding. Following the journeys of 4 women who decide to breastfeed https://www.bestbeginnings.org.uk/from-bump-to-breastfeeding
• The Breastfeeding Network – support & stories https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/support-and-stories/
• Breastfeeding naturally – personal stories from 9 women https://www.healthnavigator.org.nz/videos/b/breastfeeding-videos/breastfeeding-naturally-personal-stories/
• Breastfeeding & working journeys https://www.womens-health.org.nz/breastfeeding-friendly-workplaces/womens-stories/
• Mothers on …tandem nursing – La Leche League GB https://www.laleche.org.uk/mothers-tandem-nursing/

Link for midwives

• Breastfeeding: How do they do it? Infant suckling, swallowing and breathing (Also see baby sucking, swallowing & breathing) https://www.infantjournal.co.uk/pdf/inf_065_swa.pdf

Link for client information

• Suck, swallow and breathe podcast https://birthful.com/podcastsuckswallowbreathe/

Links for midwives

• Pepe-infant sleep practices & sudden unexpected death in infancy in Aotearoa – https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ijgo.13910
• Confident conversations: empowering parents to make choices to prevent their baby dying from SUDI – (Also see safe sleep) https://www.bfmed.org/assets/McIntosh%20Christine.pdf

Links for client information

• Breastfeeding & the risk of sudden unexpected death in infancy – Red Nose News https://rednose.org.au/article/breastfeeding-and-the-risk-of-sudden-unexpected-death-in-infancy
• How breastfeeding helps protect against SUDI – Australian Breastfeeding Association https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/system/files/INFO-BreastfeedingSIDSSUDI.pdf

Links for midwives & clients

• Using a breastfeeding supplementer – Australian Breastfeeding Association (Breastfeeding aids – low milk supply) https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/using-breastfeeding-supplementer
• Supplementary feeding for breastfeeding mothers – CCDHB Women & Children’s Health Service https://www.ccdhb.org.nz/our-services/a-to-z-of-our-services/neonatal-intensive-care-unit-nicu/1102761-supplementary-feeding-1.pdf
• La Leche League International – At-breast supplementer nursing (following breast reduction surgery) https://www.llli.org/at-breast-supplementer-nursing/
• In praise of at-breast supplementers – La Leche League GB https://www.laleche.org.uk/in-praise-of-at-breast-supplementers/
• Homemade supplemental nursing system – https://breastfeeding.support/homemade-supplemental-nursing-system/

Links for midwives

• ABM Clinical protocol #3: Supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate, revised 2017 https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/3-supplementation-protocol-english.pdf
• Accepted medical reasons for use of breast-milk substitutes – World Health Organisation https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69938/WHO_FCH_CAH_09.01_eng.pdf;jsessionid=7E311134A7389C15FB3B24F2DB03D3F0?sequence=1
• Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed – Cochrane Database https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27577968/
• Protocol 18 Alternative feeding methods https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/96b5-tph-breastfeeding-protocol-18-alternate-feeding-2013.pdf

Links for client information

• How grandparents can support breastfeeding https://www.parentclub.scot/articles/breastfeeding-support-grandparents
• Breastfeeding support from partners https://www.parentclub.scot/articles/breastfeeding-support-dads-and-partners
• Support from family & friends https://www.parentclub.scot/articles/breastfeeding-support-friends-and-family
• Amy Brown – How you can help support a breastfeeding mum video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03yQs9tAe3c

Links for midwives

• Lactation after perinatal, neonatal, or infant loss http://www.lunalactation.com/final_clinical_lactation.pdf
• Lactation Suppression: Forgotten Aspect of Care for the Mother of a Dying Child (Also see Grief) https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/464568

Links for client information

• Lactation suppression – Australian Breastfeeding Association https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/lactation-suppression
• Rapid weaning in emergency situations http://nativemothering.com/2012/08/rapid-weaning-for-emergency-situations/
• Lactation after loss – a guide for bereaved mothers https://motherwear.typepad.com/files/final-us-lactation-after-loss-brochure.pdf

Link for client information

• Breastfeeding after breast surgery – (Also see breast surgery) https://thepixelfarm.com/iable/membercontent/BFHandouts/IABLE_BF-Ed_Breast_Surgery.pdf

Links for midwives

• Methods and Success Factors of Induced Lactation: A Scoping Review http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/173189/1/705816.pdf
• Induced lactation – Lisa Amir (See also adoptive breastfeeding) https://www.ogmagazine.org.au/23/1-23/induced-lactation/

Links for client information

• Questions Answered About Surrogacy and Breastfeeding for Intended Parents [WEBINAR] https://surrogatefirst.com/blogs/surrogacy/questions-answered-about-surrogacy-and-breastfeeding-for-intended-parents
• Breastfeeding my surrogate baby – La Leche League International https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-my-surrogate-baby/
• Homemade supplemental nursing system – https://breastfeeding.support/homemade-supplemental-nursing-system/

Link for midwives

• Tandem Breastfeeding: A Descriptive Analysis of the Nutritional Value of Milk When Feeding a Younger and Older Child https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7835967/

Links for client information

• Breastfeeding during pregnancy & tandem nursing – La Leche League International https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/breastfeeding-pregnancy-tandem-nursing/
• Tandem nursing – La Leche League GB https://www.laleche.org.uk/tandem-nursing/
• Adjusting to a New Sibling, Open to Tandem Feeding – La Leche League NZ https://lalecheleague.org.nz/2018/03/02/adjusting-to-a-new-sibling-open-to-tandem-feeding/
• Breastfeeding through pregnancy & beyond – Emma Pickett https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/guest-post-breastfeeding-through-pregnancy-and-beyond/

Links for client information

• La Leche League International – Milk issues: soapy, metallic, sour or spoiled milk (Human milk contains lipases that continue to break down triglycerides even in frozen milk. These free fatty acids (FFA) can give the milk an unpalatable taste, but cause no GI upset, no additional bacteria, or altered nutrition) https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/milk-issues/
• My expressed breast milk doesn’t smell fresh. What can I do? https://kellymom.com/bf/pumpingmoms/milkstorage/lipase-expressedmilk/
• La Leche League USA – storing human milk (includes pumped milk issues & what can be done https://lllusa.org/storing-human-milk/

Links for midwives & clients

• Infant Taste Preference Influenced in Utero and During Breastfeeding https://www.infantrisk.com/content/taste-preference-influenced-during-breastfeeding
• Learning to like vegetables during breastfeeding: a randomised clinical trial of lactating mothers & infants https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28515063/
• Influence of maternal diet on flavor transfer to amniotic fluid and breast milk and children’s responses: a systematic review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30982867/

Link for midwives

• Women’s Health Today – Tattoos, piercing & breastfeeding https://womenshealthtoday.blog/2017/11/10/tattoos-piercing-and-breastfeeding/

Link for client information

• La Leche League International – tattoos & breastfeeding https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/tattoos-and-breastfeeding/

Links for midwives

• Breastfeeding & medication (video) breastfeeding & thrush https://breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/fact-sheet/breastfeeding-and-thrush & https://www.breastfeeding-and-medication.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Medicalising-Sore-Nipples-thrush-and-breastfeeding-July-2018.pdf
• Overdiagnosis & overtreatment of nipple & breast candidiasis: A review of the relationship between diagnoses of mammary candidiasis & Candida Albicans in breastfeeding women https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/17455065211031480
• Clinical protocol #26: Persistent pain with breastfeeding – Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine pdf https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/26-persistent-pain-protocol-english.pdf
• Mastitis & breast thrush – CCDHB pdf https://www.ccdhb.org.nz/our-services/maternity/information-sheets/mastitis-and-breast-thrush.pdf

Links for client information

• Is thrush causing my sore nipples? La Leche League International https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/thrush/
• Thrush & breastfeeding – La Leche League GB https://www.laleche.org.uk/thrush/
• Thrush (of the breast/nipple & breastfeeding – information for mothers https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/thrush-mothers/

Link for midwives

• Thyroid medication (under & over-active) & breastfeeding – Breastfeeding Network pdf https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/wp-content/dibm/2019-09/Thyroid%20medication%20and%20Breastfeeding.pdf

Links for client information

• Breastfeeding & thyroidism – La Leche League International https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/breastfeeding-and-thyroidism/
• Breastfeeding & thyroid disease – Australian Breastfeeding Association https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/breastfeeding-and-thyroid-disease

Links for midwives

• Ministry of Health – National Guidance for the Assessment, Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Tongue-Tie in Breastfeeding Neonates https://health.govt.nz/publication/national-guidance-assessment-diagnosis-and-surgical-treatment-tongue-tie-breastfeeding-neonates
• NZ College of Midwives consensus statement – Tongue-tie Ankyloglossia http://www.midwife.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Tongue-tie-Ankyloglossia.pdf
• Position statement Ankyloglossia & Frenal Attachments – New Zealand Dental Association https://www.nzda.org.nz/assets/files/Standards__Guidelines/Position_Statements/Position_Statement_Ankyloglossia.pdf
• What is a tongue tie? Defining the anatomy of the in-situ lingual frenulum – Nikki Mills et al. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ca.23343
• Modern myths about tongue tie: the uneccessary controversy continues – Alison Hazelbaker https://spiritofhealingllc.com/blog/2015/9/1/modern-myths-about-tongue-tie-the-unnecessary-controversy-continues
• TABBY: Is easier better? – Alison Hazelbaker https://hazelbakerinstitute.com/tabby-is-easier-better/
• A tongue restriction isn’t always a tongue tie – Carol Smyth https://www.carolsmyth.co.uk/breastfeeding-resources/posts/2015/october/a-tongue-restriction-isnt-always-a-tongue-tie/
• A tongue frenulum vs a tongue tie – Carol Smyth https://www.carolsmyth.co.uk/breastfeeding-resources/posts/2015/june/a-tongue-frenulum-vs-a-tongue-tie/
• Position statement on ankyloglossia in breastfeeding dyads – Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine https://www.bfmed.org/assets/Anklyloglossia%20position%20statement%202021.pdf

Links for client information

• Tongue-tie – KidsHealth https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/tongue-tie
• Tongue-tie – Ministry of Health https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/pregnancy-and-kids/first-year/helpful-advice-during-first-year/breastfeeding-perfect-you-and-your-baby/problems-breastfeeding/tongue-tie

Links for midwives

• Clinical Protocol #33: Lactation Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning, Plus Patients – Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/bfm.2020.29152.rlf
• Transmasculine individuals’ experiences with lactation, chestfeeding and gender identity: a qualitative study – https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-016-0907-y

Links for client information

• La Leche League International – Breastfeeding without giving birth https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-without-giving-birth-2/
• La Leche League International – Transgender & Non-binary Parents https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/transgender-non-binary-parents/
• La Leche League International – At-breast supplementer nursing (following breast reduction surgery) https://www.llli.org/at-breast-supplementer-nursing/
• La Leche League Canada – Transgender/transsexual/genderfluid Tip Sheet – General Information https://www.lllc.ca/sites/default/files/REVISED-Trans-Nursing_Tip-Sheet.pdf

Homemade supplemental nursing system – https://breastfeeding.support/homemade-supplemental-nursing-system/

Links for midwives & clients

• Your guide to breastfeeding (Māori) – La Leche League NZ https://lalecheleague.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Guide2Bklet_Maori.pdf
• Your guide to breastfeeding (Samoan) – La Leche League NZ https://lalecheleague.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Guide2Bklet_SAMOAN.pdf
• Your guide to breastfeeding (Niuean) – La Leche League NZ https://lalecheleague.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Guide2Bklet_NIUE.pdf
• Other resources from LLL NZ – the joys of breastfeeding, milk supply, breast problems/sore breasts, breast problems/swollen breasts. https://lalecheleague.org.nz/information/pacific-resources/

Links for midwives & clients

• Australian Breastfeeding Association – breastfeeding resources in other languages https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/other-languages
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – infosheets on breastfeeding & bottle-feeding https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/foreign-language-resources/
• ELACTA – translations https://www.elacta.eu/translations-pdfs/
• COVID-19 vaccination & breastfeeding – information in other languages https://www.health.gov.au/resources/translated/covid-19-vaccination-social-breastfeeding-women-can-receive-the-covid-19-vaccine-other-languages
• Breastfeeding & postnatal care – (the impact of feeding choice, signs of correct attachment, breastfeeding issues) Health Translations Victoria, Australia https://healthtranslations.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcht.nsf/PresentDetail?Open&s=Breast_feeding_and_postnatal_care
• Support in languages other than English – La Leche League GB – https://www.laleche.org.uk/get-support/support-in-languages-other-than-english/
• Best Start – free pdfs available in multiple languages – breastfeeding guide, breastfeeding early/late preterm baby https://en.beststart.org/for_parents/are-you-looking-resources-languages-other-english-and-french
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – Mandarin resources https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/foreign-language-resources/mandarin-resources/

Link for midwives

• Enteral feeding of the neonate – Starship https://starship.org.nz/guidelines/enteral-feeding-of-the-neonate/

Links for client information

• Tube feeding – KidsHealth https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/tube-feeding
• Tube feeding – BLISS UK https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/about-your-baby/feeding/tube-feeding
• Parental checklist to prepare for going home with a feeding tube – Paediatric Society NZ https://media.starship.org.nz/parental-checklist-for-going-home-with-a-feeding-tube-july-2020/Parental_checklist_for_going_home_with_a_feeding_tube_July_2020.pdf

Link for client information

What’s in a nappy? La Leche League GB – https://www.laleche.org.uk/whats-in-a-nappy/

Links for midwives & clients

• NZ College of Midwives – COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy & lactation (Also see COVID-19) https://www.midwife.org.nz/women/covid-vaccination-in-pregnancy/
• InfantRisk Centre – COVID-19 Vaccines, Mechanisms, and Breast Milk Antibodies https://www.infantrisk.com/content/covid-19-vaccines-and-breastmilk-antibodies
• Nature – COVID vaccines and breastfeeding: what the data say https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01680-x
• COVID-19 vaccination & breastfeeding – information in other languages https://www.health.gov.au/resources/translated/covid-19-vaccination-social-breastfeeding-women-can-receive-the-covid-19-vaccine-other-languages

Links for midwives

• Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates – Cochrane Review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23235618/
• Heel-lancing in newborns: behavioral and spectral analysis assessment of pain control methods https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19841119/
• Breastfeeding for procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period – Cochrane Review https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6461192/

Links for midwives

• Nipple Pain, Damage, and Vasospasm in the First 8 Weeks Postpartum (Also see Raynaud’s Syndrome) https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2013.0106
• Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nipple: A Treatable Cause of Painful Breastfeeding https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/4/e360

Link for client information

• Vasospasm – Australian Breastfeeding Association – https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/vasospasm

Links for midwives

• NZ College of Midwives – How to conduct telephone and video consultations https://www.midwife.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Information-for-midwives.-Telephone-and-video-consultations.pdf
• UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative – guidance sheet designed to help health professionals provide remote care and support parents to overcome challenges – https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/guidance-documents/

Link for client information

• Association of Breastfeeding Mothers – getting the most from your online breastfeeding/infant feeding consultation https://abm.me.uk/breastfeeding-information/online-consultation/

Links for midwives

• NZ College of Midwives – webinar Vitamin D during pregnancy, breastfeeding & infancy https://www.midwife.org.nz/news/webinar-vitamin-d-during-pregnancy-breastfeeding-and-infancy/
• MOH – Companion Statement for Vitamin D and Sun Exposure in Pregnancy and Infancy in NZ https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/companion-statement-vitamin-d-sun-exposure-pregnancy-infancy-nz-dec20.pdf

Link for client information

• Ministry of Health NZ – Vitamin D & your baby https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/pregnancy-and-kids/first-year/helpful-advice-during-first-year/vitamin-d-and-your-baby

Links for midwives

• Plotting & assessing newborn infants – NZ Ministry of Health https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/pages/factsheet-4-growth-charts-well-child.pdf
• Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary Feedings in the Healthy Term Breastfed Neonate revised 2017 – Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine https://www.bfmed.org/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/3-supplementation-protocol-english.pdf
• Weight Change Nomograms for the First Month After Birth https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27940721/
• Faltering Growth: recognition and management of faltering growth in children – NICE Guidelines https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng75/resources/faltering-growth-recognition-and-management-of-faltering-growth-in-children-pdf-1837635907525

Links for client information

• Average weight gain for breastfed babies – KellyMom https://kellymom.com/bf/normal/weight-gain-metric/
• Baby weight losses and weight gains – Australian Breastfeeding Association – https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/common-concerns%E2%80%93baby/baby-weight-gains

Links for client information

• Healthy Child Manitoba – Eight great reasons to breastfeed your baby https://www.gov.mb.ca/healthychild/healthybaby/tip_sheets/eight_reasons_to_breastfeed.pdf
• American Academy of Pediatrics – Why breastfeed? https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/breastfeeding/Pages/Why-Breastfeed.aspx
• Government of Canada – 10 great reasons to breastfeed your baby https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/childhood-adolescence/stages-childhood/infancy-birth-two-years/breastfeeding-infant-nutrition/10-great-reasons-breastfeed-your-baby.html

Links for midwives & clients

• Breastfeeding at work – Employment New Zealand https://www.employment.govt.nz/hours-and-wages/breaks/breastfeeding-at-work/
• Breastfeeding in the workplace – a guide for employers Employment NZ https://www.employment.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/tools-and-resources/publications/4101539a4e/breastfeeding-in-the-workplace-guide-for-employers.pdf
• Breastfeeding Friendly Workplaces Women’s Health Action https://www.womens-health.org.nz/breastfeeding-friendly-workplaces/
• Breastfeeding & returning to work – Ministry of Health https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/pregnancy-and-kids/first-year/helpful-advice-during-first-year/breastfeeding-perfect-you-and-your-baby/breastfeeding-and-returning-work
• Breastfeeding & work: let’s make it work – Canterbury Breastfeeding Advocacy Service https://canbreastfeed.co.nz/workplace/
• Breastfeeding at the workplace: a systematic review of interventions to improve workplace environments to facilitate breastfeeding among working women https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-021-01432-3

Link for midwives

• Ministry of Health online course – The Code of Practice for Health Workers (Also see International Code) https://learnonline.health.nz/enrol/index.php?id=174

Links for midwives & clients

• World Health Organisation – The international code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes: frequently asked questions on the roles and responsibilities of health workers https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240005990
• World Health Organisation – International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/40382
• World Health Organisation – Marketing of breast milk substitutes: national implementation of the international code, status report 2020 https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240006010
• The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (the Code)  UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/international-code-marketing-breastmilk-substitutes-resources/the-code/
• International Baby Food Action Network – https://www.ibfan.org/international-code/
• Baby Milk Action – http://www.babymilkaction.org/
• The Code in New Zealand – Ministry of Health https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/breast-milk-substitutes-marketing-code.pdf
• Ministry of Health – Complaints procedure for the  Code of Practice for Health Workers (the Health Workers’ Code) and the Infant Nutrition Council Code of Practice for the Marketing of Infant Formula in New Zealand (the INC Code of Practice) – https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/who-code-nz/breast-milk-substitutes-complaints-procedure